Éclaireurs of the Guard (Napoleon I)

The Éclaireurs of the Guard ( _fr. Éclaireurs de la Garde) was a Corps of cavalry scouts of the French Imperial Guard, which included three cavalry regiments created by Napoleon when he reorganised the Imperial Guard following the disaster of the 1812 campaign in Russia. [p.46, Funcken & Funcken] The Corps was created in Article I of the decree of 4 December 1813. [p.7, Pawly]

The 1st regiment was divided into the Old Guard and Young Guard squadrons, with the first two wearing a uniform of the hussars, also sometimes known as Hussards Éclaireurs, and the others wearing a coatee similar to the Chasseurs a Cheval. [p.27, Thorburn]

All three regiments were organised into four squadrons with 250 sabres in two companies each. Due to insufficient recruits, an appeal was made for volunteers from the Cavalry of the Line, and 1,005 troopers eventually were added to the regimental rolls. Although half of the Éclaireurs were armed with 2.75m long lances issued in 1812 to the line regiments, and the rest with carbines, the regiments were rarely employed as lancers in battle [Where in theory the first rank would be lance-armed, p.12, Pawly] , more usually acting as scouts for the Army as a whole. The lances had crimson over white pennons although none were initially intended for issue, and many troopers were lacking these also. [p.46, Funcken & Funcken] The rest of the weapons equipping the Éclaireurs were the standard Chasseur a Cheval model Year XIII cavalry pistols and model Year IX light cavalry sabre. Due to general lack of equipment only the 3rd regiment was able to obtain shabraques, with only officers being so equipped in the 1st and 2nd regiments. [p.9, Pawly]

The regiments, owing to their scouting role, were not issued Eagles.

1st Regiment of Éclaireurs

The 1st Regiment of which was attached to the Horse Grenadiers [p.46, Funcken & Funcken] , and was thus sometimes called the regiment of Éclaireurs-grenadiers, as counterparts to the Cossacks. They arrived in the theatre of operations late in the Napoleonic Wars, joining the army on 1 January 1814 just in time to participate in the Six Days Campaign (fighting at Brienne, La Rothière, Champaubert, Montmirail, Montereau, Craonne and Arcis-sur-Aube) then to be dissolved on the Bourbon Restoration.

The 1st Regiment's first commander was Claude Testot-Ferry, transferred from his command of the Empress' Dragoons, and most of the Regiment's officers were directly recruited from within the Guard including a large number from the Gardes d'Honneur, including Pierre (an old soldier from Testot-Ferry's old regiment of the 10e régiment de chasseurs à cheval), Delavillane, Lepot (from the Guard's mounted grenadiers) and Kister. The first of these squadrons had uniforms largely in the Hussar style, based on those of the Gardes d'Honneur (a green dolman and a pelisse with white lace and black fur for officers), and were attached to the Old Guard. The other 3 squadrons were uniformed in the style of Chasseurs de la Ligne (a short dark green habit-veste, also known as a "Kinski") and attached to the Young Guard. The jackets of trumpeters were sky-blue.

The first detachment of the regiment left for the field army in late January 1814, but by mid March the entire regiment was reduced to 200 sabres. [p.13, Pawly] The regiment was eventually renamed as the 2nd Regiment of Chasseurs a Cheval of the Guard in 1815.

Commanders of the 1er Éclaireurs1806 :
* Colonel Commandant : Jean-Thomas Arrighi de Casanova, cousin of Napoleon
* Colonels-Majors : Fiteau and Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville1810 :
* Général de division, commandant : Comte de Saint-Sulpice
* Colonel-Major : Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville
* Major : Marthod1813 :
* Général de division, commandant : Comte Philippe Antoine d'Ornano
* Général de division, major : Baron Laferrière-Lévêque
* Général de brigade, major : Baron Castex

Campaigns and battles of the Hussards Éclaireurs: 1807 Battle of Eylau and Battle of Friedland: 1808 Spanish War of Independence: 1809 Battle of Essling and Battle of Wagram: 1812 Russian campaign - At Bourzovo, 400 dragoons charged cossacks ten times their numbers, and at Maloiaroslavets Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville charged the Russians with the cry "A nous les dragons !".: 1813 campaign in Saxony - Battle of Bautzen, Battle of Wachau, Battle of Leipzig, Battle of Hanau (at which a squadron of the dragoons under Claude Testot-Ferry rode in to save Napoleon being captured by the Prussians, with Testot-Ferry getting out alive despite his horse being killed under him, his uniform cut to ribbons and his helmet receiving 22 sabre blows): 1814 campaign in France - Six Days Campaign, Battle of Brienne, Battle of Champaubert, Battle of Montmirail, Battle of Château-Thierry, Battle of Vauchamps, Battle of Montereau, Battle of Craonne, Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, Battle of Saint-Dizier, Battle of Paris: 1815 Hundred Days, during which they lost over 300 men, including 25 officers, notably general Louis-Michel Letort de Lorville (Battle of Ligny, Battle of Waterloo)

2nd Regiment of Éclaireurs

The second regiment was attached to the Dragoons of the Guard, and because of this also referred to as Éclaireurs-Dragons, had scarlet regimental distinctions. [p.46, Funcken & Funcken] For its formation the regiment was allocated officers and NCOs from the 20th Dragons of Line, 3rd and 7th Lancers of the Line while the troopers came from postilions of the Empire, the horse team drivers employed by the Government. [p.8, Pawly] The horses were primarily purchased from the Camarguais regional breed, and the remount depot was established there. [small horses not exceeding 14 hands (1.40m) at the shoulder] [ [http://pagesperso-orange.fr/minismodels/figurines/eclaireur_dragon/eclaireur_dragon.htm] , Verwicht] The regiment participated in the French Campaign of 1814, including Battle of Brienne, Battle of Champaubert, Battle of Montmirail, Battle of Château-Thierry, Battle of Vauchamps, Battle of Montereau, Battle of Rheims, Battle of Craonne, Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube and Battle of Saint-Dizier.

Unlike the first regiment, the second was distinguished by the shako which all the modern works indicate to have been cylindrical, and was decorated by a surmounted rosette of a ganse cord and of a half-spherical pompom. The cord was tied in front of and behind the neck for the officers, the troopers carrying it in the usual way. The shako issued to the regiment is therefore same as that worn by the hussars at the time. The spherical pompom was the colour of the squadron.

3rd Regiment of Éclaireurs

The third regiment was recruited from Polish cavalry line regiments serving with the French Army, and was attached to the 1st Lancers of the Guard, also a Polish regiment. [p.46, Funcken & Funcken]

In 1814 all three regiments were transferred to the line cavalry, and disbanded following Napoleon's abdication.

Citations and notes

References

* Thorburn, W.A., "French Army regiments & uniforms: from Revolution to 1870", Arms and Armour Press, London, 1976
* Funcken, Liliane & Funcken, Fred, "Arms and Uniforms: The Napoleonic Wars, Part 2", Ward Lock Ltd, London, 1973
* Pawly, Ronald, Illustrated by Patrice Courcelle, "Napoleon's Scouts of the Imperial Guard", Osprey Publishing, London, 2006