G. Donald Harrison

G. Donald Harrison (April 21, 1889 - June 14, 1956) crafted some of the finest and largest pipe organs in the United States. He started out in 1914 as a patent attorney but after military service he began to pursue an interest in pipe organ building working with Henry Willis & Sons of London.

After immigrating to America, Harrison joined the Skinner Organ Company in 1927 where he spent the remainder of his career. After the Skinner Company merged with the Aeolian Organ Company, forming the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company in 1933, he became the company's tonal director and president. While the bulk of his work was as a tonal designer and voicer, Harrison is most famous for his association with "American Classic" organ design. This design concept (its name coined by Senator Emerson Richards), was partly a reaction to the proliferation of romantic-orchestral organs that had been in fashion to that point. The romantic organ sought to emulate the effects of a symphony orchestra with imitative solo reeds, colorful flutes and warm string-toned stops. The American Classic organ, on the other hand sought a return to the design principles of the eighteenth century, namely the development of clean diapason choruses topped by several brilliant mixtures. The voicing of these instruments aimed at a clear interpretation of fugal passages where each inner voice could be heard clearly. Harrison, along with other builders such as Walter Holtkamp, conceived the American Classic organ as a single instrument that could effectively and convincingly play music of all styles and eras with equal facility. In many, if not most of his instruments, he is considered to have achieved this goal.

Harrison’s design concept was illustrated when he wrote: “To me, all art is international; one can draw from the best of all countries. I have used the technique at my disposal to produce instruments which I consider suitable for expressing the best in organ literature. I have no use for copying successful works of the past; such a method is doomed to failure. It seems to me the only way to build artistic and successful instruments is to have knowledge of what has gone before, and to thoroughly understand the underlying principles upon which the great works of the past have been based. The works produced are then originals, and while they can possess all the advantages of other good work, they have their own personality and reflect their own good time.”

The pipe organs at the Church of the Advent in Boston and at St. John’s Chapel, Groton Massachusetts are often as cited as the first “turning point” instruments produced by Aeolian-Skinner under Harrison’s direction. Each contained Positiv divisions on low wind pressure with several different high-pitched mixtures - a vast departure from the norm in organ building at the time. But Harrison’s characteristic wisdom, restraint and diplomacy ensured that these rather revolutionary instruments made their appearance without offense. The tide soon turned in American organ building, and before long it seemed that everyone wanted an Aeolian-Skinner in their church or institution.

Harrison died of exhaustion suffering from a heart condition, after weeks of overworking himself during the rebuilding of the organ at Saint Thomas Church Fifth Avenue in time for the 1956 AGO national convention in New York City. Interestingly, Ernest Skinner although much older outlived Harrison by four years.

Aeolian-Skinner pipe organs built under Harrison's direction are considered by many to be the apotheosis of the American organ builder's art. Unfortunately many of Harrison's masterworks have now been altered or rebuilt in such a way as to no longer be representative of his aesthetic.

Noteworthy pipe organs built or rebuilt under the direction of G. Donald Harrison

*Church of St. Mary the Virgin, New York City (1941)
*Methuen Memorial Music Hall, Massachusetts (1947)
*The Riverside Church, New York City (1947)
*The Mormon Tabernacle, Salt Lake City (1948)
*Symphony Hall, Boston (1950)
*First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston (1952)
*Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City (1954)
*St. Thomas Church, Fifth Avenue, New York City (1956)
*Grace Cathedral, San Francisco (1936)
*Sage Chapel, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (1940)

Bibliography

*Bush, Douglas E. (2006). "The Organ: An Encyclopedia". London: Routledge.
*Callahan, Charles (1990). "The American Classic Organ: A History in Letters". Richmond: The Organ Historical Society.
*Downward, D. W. (1976). "G. Donald Harrison and the American Classic Organ". PhD. dissertation. University of Rochester.
*Ellinwood, Leonard (1953). "English Influences in American Church Music." "Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association" 80.
*Ochsa, Orphe (1975). "The History of the Organ in the United States". Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.