ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and training developers. The five phases—Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation—represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools.

It is an Instructional Systems Design (ISD) model. Most of the current instructional design models are spin-offs or variations of the ADDIE model; other models include the Dick & Carey and Kemp ISD models. One commonly accepted improvement to this model is the use of rapid prototyping. This is the idea of receiving continual or formative feedback while instructional materials are being created. This model attempts to save time and money by catching problems while they are still easy to fix. For example, the ADDIE model was used in the framework for helping create new research topics in learning technology (Liu, 2008).

Instructional theories also play an important role in the design of instructional materials. Theories such as behaviorism, constructivism, social learning and cognitivism help shape and define the outcome of instructional materials.

tep Process

In the ADDIE concept, each step has an outcome that feeds into the subsequent step.

Analysis > Design > Development > Implementation > Evaluation

Analysis Phase

In the analysis phase, the instructional problem is clarified, the instructional goals and objectives are established and the learning environment and learner's existing knowledge and skills are identified. Below are some of the questions that are addressed during the analysis phase:

* Who is the audience and what are their characteristics?
* Identify the new behavioral outcome.
* What types of learning constraints exist?
* What are the delivery options?
* What are the online pedagogical considerations?
* What is the timeline for project completion?

Design Phase

The design phase deals with learning objectives, assessment instruments, exercises, content, subject matter analysis, lesson planning and media selection. The design phase should be systematic and specific. "Systematic" means a logical, orderly method of identifying, developing and evaluating a set of planned strategies targeted for attaining the project's goals. "Specific" means each element of the instructional design plan needs to be executed with attention to details.

These are steps used for the design phase:

* Documentation of the project's instructional, visual and technical design strategy
* Apply instructional strategies according to the intended behavioral outcomes by domain (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor).
* Design the user interface and user experience
* Prototype creation
* Apply visual design (graphic design)

Development Phase

The development phase is where instructional designers and developers create and assemble the content assets that were blueprinted in the design phase. In this phase, storyboards are created, content is written and graphics are designed. If e learning is involved, programmers work to develop and/or integrate technologies. Testers perform debugging procedures. The project is reviewed and revised according to any feedback given.

Implementation Phase

During the implementation phase, a procedure for training the facilitators and the learners is developed. The facilitators' training should cover the course curriculum, learning outcomes, method of delivery, and testing procedures. Preparation of the learners include training them on new tools (software or hardware), student registration.

This is also the phase where the project manager ensures that the books, hands on equipment, tools, CD-ROMs and software are in place, and that the learning application or Web site is functional.

Evaluation Phase

The evaluation phase consists of two parts: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process. Summative evaluation consists of tests designed for domain specific criterion-related referenced items and providing opportunities for feedback from the users which were identified

Comparison to Other Models

Peter Block also has a model, mostly used by consultants, that is comparable to the ADDIE model. Block's steps measure up to the ADDIE model as follows:Fact|date=April 2008

Analysis -> Entry & Contracting, Data Collection & Diagnosis, Feedback & Decision to Act

Design -> Implementation

Development -> Implementation

Implementation ->Implementation

Evaluation -> Extension, Recycle or Termination

References

* Liu, G. -Z. (2008). [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00851.x Innovating research topics in learning technology: Where are the new blue oceans?.British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(4), 738-747.] Molenda, M. (2003). In search of the elusive addie model. Performance improvement, 42(5), 34. ( at http://www.indiana.edu/~molpage/In%20Search%20of%20Elusive%20ADDIE.pdf#search=%22ADDIE%20Model%20%2Bhistory%22)

Strickland, A.W. (2006). ADDIE. Idaho State University College of EducationScience, Math & Technology Education. Retrieved June 29 2006, from http://ed.isu.edu/addie/index.html

ee also

*Educational technology