Sigtuna box

The Sigtuna box is a copper box from Sigtuna, Sweden, which was engraved with a runic inscription in the early 11th century. The box not only tells of trading across the Baltic Sea, it is also engraved with an Old Norse poem in dróttkvætt, the lordly meter which was used when skalds praised lords and kings. The poem talks of thieves being devoured by ravens.

Discovery

The box was discovered in August 1911, when an upholsterer was digging at the bank of lake Mälaren. The finder reported it to have been filled with a heavy substance like coarse wet coffee-grounds,Friesen 1912, p.6] and which was probably made up of small pieces of metal. The substance was kept inside a cloth which quickly disintegrated as soon as he touched it. The content, which weighed about convert|2|kg|abbr=on, was unfortunately thrown away, but the box was sent to the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities where the runic inscription was discovered.Friesen 1912, p.7]

Description and use

The box measures convert|10|cm|abbr=on across on the outside and the space inside measures convert|9.6|cm|abbr=on to convert|9.8|cm|abbr=on. The thickness of the metal is on average convert|2|mm|abbr=on. From top to bottom, it measures convert|7.8|cm|abbr=on.

The box was used by a merchant to keep a small pair of scales for weighing silver and gold. More than 100 similar scales have been found in Birka, Sigtuna's predecessor as emporia, and they were a merchant's insignia,Jansson 1987, p.56] and his most important equipment. [Jesch 2001, p.65]

Inscription

Latin transliteration:

: A tiarfr × fik af × simskum × moni × skalaR × þis [aR] i ...(o)t(i) × in uirmuntr × f(a)þi × runor × þisar: B fuhl × ualua × slait × (f)aluon × fon kauk × o nos au-a

Old Norse transcription:

: A "DiarfR fækk af semskum manni skalaR þessaR i(?) ... [l] andi. En Værmundr faði runaR þessaR.": B "Fugl vælva slæit falvan: fann gauk a nas au [k] a."

English translation:

: A "Diarfr got from a man from Samland / Semgallen these scales in(?) ...-land. And Vermundr coloured these runes." : B "The bird tore apart the pale thief: (One) found (ie observed) the increase (ie from eating) in the corpse-cuckoo (raven)."The entry U Fv1912;8 in Rundata]

Prose part (A)

The first part of the early 11th century inscription contains the merchant's name "Diarfr" and informs of how he acquired the box and its contents, but it does not give any precise information on from where he got his scales. The adjective "semskR" is ambiguous and the phrase "af semskum manni" can both mean that the man came from Sambia and from Zemgale.

Poetry part (B)

The second part of the inscription contains a couplet in the skaldic metre known as "dróttkvætt". Here follows Jansson's transcription and translation (1987):

The word "velva" is in the accusative case and it is probably the same word as the Gothic "wilwa" ("robber"). "Nas gaukR" is a kenning for raven which literally means "corpse's cuckoo",Jansson 1987, p.133] and a comparable expression known from Old Icelandic poems is "bræva gaukr" ("carrion's cuckoo"). The idea that a dead thief should be food for ravens is also in agreement with poetic imagery from the Göksholm runestone and the Rök Runestone where ravens and wolves feast on the slain.Jansson 1987, p.134] (For the symbolism of the raven in Viking culture, see the Raven banner.)

Notes

References

*Friesen, O. von (1912). "Runinskrifterna på en koppardosa funnen i Sigtuna, augusti 1911", in Ekhoff, E. (ed) "Fornvännen årgång 7". [http://fornvannen.se/1910talet/fornvannen_1912.html] pp. 6-19.
*Jansson, S. B. F. (1987), "Runes in Sweden", ISBN 917844067x
*Jesch, J. (2001). "Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse". Boydell Press. ISBN 0-851-15826-9.
*Rundata 2.0