Reverse freedom rides

Reverse freedom rides were attempts in 1962 by Southern segregationists to send impoverished African Americans from cities such as New Orleans to New York City, Chicago, and Cleveland by bus. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=120 Negroes Took 'Free Ride' North. White Council Had Hoped to Send 1,000 City Got 32. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40E10F83F5C117B93C1A8178DD85F468685F9 |quote=The plan of the segregationist White Citizens Councils to ship at least 1,000 impoverished Negroes to the North in "reverse Freedom Rides" has fallen far short of its goal. ... it was learned that Mr. Boyd was still on the payroll of Harvey J. Brudner, president of Medical Developments, Inc., in Fort Lee, New Jersey. |work=New York Times |date=June 13, 1962 |accessdate=2008-04-15 ] [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Negro on Way to Cleveland In Reverse Freedom Ride |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B17F63F5C117B93C7A8178DD85F468685F9 |quote=A young Negro, his only luggage a paper bag, was on his way to Cleveland today, the fourth "reverse freedom rider" sent north ... |work=United Press International in New York Times |date=June 15, 1962 |accessdate=2008-07-11 ] They were given free bus tickets, and were told that there were high paying jobs waiting for them. They were given valueless promissory notes to cash when they arrived. Some of those arriving were able to find work. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Negro 'Ride' Plan Stirs New Furor. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B1FFA3A5C14738DDDAC0A94DC405B828AF1D3 |quote=Javits Hits Segregationists' Bid To Send 1,000 North. Donors Not Named. Negro 'Ride' Plan Stirs New Furor Warns Other Negroes. Hebert Sees Hypocrisy. Javits and Keating Critical. Boyd 'Couldn't Be Happier' New Orleans A proposal to send a 'freedom train' up North carrying 1,000 Negroes on a free one-way ride away from segregation in the South drew new cries of outrage and support today. ... The company, which plans to manufacture medical electronic equipment, offered Mr. Boyd the job through its president, Dr. Harvey J. Brudner, of New ... |work=New York Times |date=April 25, 1962 |accessdate=2008-04-15 ] Louis and Dorothy Boyd had arrived at the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City. The journey from New Orleans had taken forty-three hours. With them were their eight children. Their entire worldly possessions in three cardboard boxes and an old foot locker. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Negro Sent Here Given Bad Check. Father Of 8 Is Owed Pay. Employer In Hospital. |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10914FC345E137B93C0A8178ED85F468685F9 |quote=Louis Boyd, the Negro father of eight whose family was the first to reach New York on bus tickets paid for by Southern segregationists, did not work yesterday for the third straight day. ... Harvey J. Brudner, president of the company, has been confined to a hospital ... | work=New York Times |date=May 12, 1962 |accessdate=2008-04-15 ] [cite journal |url= |title=The Reverse Freedom Rides of 1962 | last =Webb | first =Clive | journal =Journal of American Studies | volume = 38 | issue = | pages = |accessdate=2008-07-11 |quote=Shortly after 7 o'clock on the morning of 20 April 1962, Louis and Dorothy Boyd arrived at the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City. The journey from their native New Orleans had taken forty-three hours. With the Boyds were their eight children, five girls and three boys aged between three and twelve years old. Between them the family carried their entire worldly possessions in three cardboard boxes and an old foot locker. |year=2004]

ee also

*Freedom rides

References