Sheffield and Rotherham Railway

Infobox rail line
name = Sheffield and Rotherham Railway

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image_width =275px
caption = Westgate Station c1840
type = Heavy rail
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locale = South Yorkshire, England
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open = 31 October 1838
close = 21 July 1845 (line and operations taken over by the Midland Railway)
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stock =
linelength = convert|5|mi|km|1
tracklength =
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gauge = RailGauge|sg
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The Sheffield and Rotherham Railway was a short railway between Sheffield and Rotherham and the first in the two towns.

In the early nineteenth century, when news broke of the building of the North Midland Railway, it was clear that George Stephenson would follow the gentle gradient of the Rivers Rother and Don, bypassing Sheffield. Stephenson known for his railway building techniques never built lines with gradients higher than 1 in 130. Despite representations by Sheffield people, who engaged Joseph Locke to state their case, and from Charles Vignoles and George Hudson to convince Stephenson to bring the NMR to Sheffield, the NMR was built via the Rother valley, to the East of Sheffield.

Planning

Much work had already been done in surveying the land between Rotherham and Sheffield with plans being put forward for a canal linking Tinsley to Sheffield earlier in the century. This was originally planned to follow a route to the North of the River Don to a basin in (or near) Saville Street. Plans were changed when it was realised that this route would preclude coal from the Duke of Norfolk's estate from directly reaching the waterway, and a new route to the South of the river used. The railway was aligned approximately North-Northeast so that it also followed a gentle gradient, making use of the same route as was planned for the canal.

The act for the incorporation of the company received the Royal assent on the 4 July, 1836, authorising a capital of £100,000 and the facility to raise a loan of a further £30,000. A second act was obtained on 23 March, 1840.

The first director was George Wilton Chambers, a coal master. Its secretary was Thomas Pearson, a civil engineer and also a coal master. The engineers were John Stephenson (not known to be a relation of George) who introduced scientific methods into earthwork construction and the excavation of deep cuttings, and Isaac Dodds whose "talent for invention was highly respected in his day" Superintending the construction was Frederick Swanwick, a pupil of George Stephenson, who was nominally engineering chief.

Construction

From Wicker Station in Sheffield the line proceeded to the first stopping place at Brightside. It then followed the River Don to the next stop at Holmes, then passing close to Masborough where the North Midland Railway would later cross it. The line then crossed the River Don arriving at Westgate Station in Rotherham.

The whole line was just over 5 miles more or less straight, with gentle gradients apart from a one in 68 section just before Rotherham. There were 13 bridges, six level crossings and five footpath crossings.

The track was laid to the standard gauge of 4 ft 8½in, since it would meet the North Midland Railway, and used fish bellied rail at about 50lb. to the yard, on stone blocks or plain larch sleepers.

Opening

Although earthworks were unfinished and the second track had not been laid, the railway opened on 31 October 1838.

The first train, on 31 October, transported Earl Fitzwilliam and guests to Rotherham. A celebration breakfast followed by the obligatory speeches were held at the Court House. The Rotherham proprietors used the return train to Sheffield. On the following day, 1 November 1838, came the public opening. The first train was pulled by "Victory" and consisted of six yellow and black carriages, holding 300 passengers. The line's trackside, trees and bridge were filled with crowds who'd turned up for the event. "Victory" travelled to Rotherham in 17 minutes. Locomotive "London" was the next one to travel to Rotherham and followed 2 minutes later. The first returning train met locomotive "Leeds" at Meadow Hall (then Wincobank railway station and now Meadowhall Interchange).

The number of passengers in the first year was double that which had been predicted when the line was put before Parliament. Advertised fares were one shilling (5 p) first class, ninepence (3½ p) second and sixpence (2½ p) third class. No tips were allowed neither was smoking in the station.

Passenger trains were usually of three carriages, and made the journey in about 20 minutes, including two intermediate stops. Departures from Wicker were timetabled at 0800, 0900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 (plus a departure at 1900 on Mondays) and 0830, 0930, 1030, 1430, 1630 and 1830 from Rotherham.

Operation

The North Midland Railway opened in 1840, crossing the S&R near Masborough. A branch was built to link the railway to the North Midland in a northerly direction from Sheffield at Rotherham Masborough station. A path to the South was installed in 1869.

On 7 August 1839 the railway opened a branch from its main line at Holmes to the head of the Greasbrough Canal, where it connected with the colliery wagonways of Earl Fitzwilliam. The facilities at Greasbrough were rather primitive and were felt to be the cause for poor results on coal traffic operations. At a meeting of shareholders on 15 February 1840, were discussed arrangements for working after the North Midland Railway opened later in the year. It was hoped that traffic would increase and so the decision to build a booking office at Wicker station as well as a locomotive depot was taken. The decision to allow NMR stock to work throughout the S&R was taken in April 1840, avoiding the need to change train at Masborough.

The line from Leeds opened on 1 July 1840 and a corresponding service with trains form Sheffield was established. The first train from Leeds was scheduled to arrive at Rotherham Masborough 0945 but the train from Sheffield saw no sign of the Leeds train. Having left at 0800, it arrived at 1030 due to weather conditions. The Sheffield portion of the train was attached at the back of the Leeds train and it then progressed South. The train arrived in Derby at 1315. Popular railway travel for citizens of Sheffield arrived on Monday 28 September 1840 when the NMR ran a half-price excursion to Leeds. On the first day this operation, 61 carriages were pulled by 5 locomotives.

NMR fares from Derby to Sheffield were 11 shillings (55 p) first class and 7 s (35 p) second class. The S&R dispensed with second class altogether. Locomotive "Sheffield" was chosen to pull one carriage on the full line. It departed on the 11 April and was expected to arrive in Birmingham on the 13th. The train's only passengers were Mr and Mrs Vickers who were joined by George Stephenson and Michael Longridge in Derby. The London & Birmingham Railway obviously had a great sense of humour as they fined the Sheffield & Rotherham £10 for running over L&B lines without a fourteen day notice.

Nevertheless, as Whishaw put it: "Before the introduction of railways, a journey from London to this place was attended with considerable fatigue, and occupied the best part of twenty-four hours; whereas, by the united efforts of four private companies, Sheffield is now within little more than an eight hours' easy drive of the metropolis." Whishaw, F, (1840) "The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland: Practically described and illustrated" London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co.

Locomotives and rolling stock

Among the first of the duties which fell to Isaac Dodds was designing the railway's first engine "The Cutler". While up to that time, locomotive boilers had been fastened rigidly to the frames, Dodds fastened it at the front only, allowing for movement with expansion at the firebox end.Ransom, P.J. G., (1990) "The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved," (p177) London: Heinemann Whether this locomotive was built by him, or whether the railway itself built any, is unclear, though Dodds left in 1842 to set up in business on his own. Certainly, at that time, demand may have been outstripping supply.

One engine, the 2-2-2 "Agilis" was supplied in 1839 by Fenton, Murray and Jackson, who provided another "Rotherham", built under subcontract by Bingley and Company of Leeds. Another, the "Sheffield", said to be the first to have been built in that city, was provided in 1840 by Davy Brothers. This was a six wheeled locomotive to design of a Mr.William Vickers. The 5ft 6inch drivers were connected to the other wheel by four inch belts which provided traction on all wheels. It was later, it is believed, converted to a conventional pattern. Lowe, J.W., (1989) "British Steam Locomotive Builders," Guild Publishing

By 1840 the line owned six locomotives, all six-wheeled, with one or more supplied by Robert Stephenson and Company.

Although services began with three classes of carriage, the second class was soon discarded. The first class consisted of the usual three compartments each holding six people and had Losh's patent wheels. The third class coaches apart from two were enclosed and held about 40 passengers, probably standing, and had the usual cast-iron wheels. Apart from one sheep truck, all the goods wagons belonged to Earl Fitzwilliam the coal owner.

Later history

Economic stagnation in 1841 and 1842 meant that the S&R saw little profit the following years. In January 1843, the line's only intermediate station, Grimesthorpe Bridge closed. By February 1844 the S&R had decided that expansion regardless of cost was the only way to protect itself. A start was made by the construction of a small connecting line with the SA&MR at Bridgehouses. The company’s half-yearly meeting held in August 1844 was a messy affair. The exact date at which the meeting was to be held was not known and no agenda had been established. Accusations of share trafficking were madeBatty, S.R., (2004) "Rail Centres Sheffield," S.R. Batty. (p20) Nottingham: Booklaw Publications. The recession faded away in 1843 and the Great Midland Amalgamation Bill passed parliament on 10 May 1844, creating the Midland Railway. In September, the S&R began negotiations with the MR for either sale or lease of its railway to the MR. Terms were agreed upon quickly and the MR started operations on 10 October 1844. The title of S&R existed on paper until the takeover was finally authorised by an Act on 21 July 1845. In 1870 it built a line from Chesterfield through Sheffield, which rejoined the old line at Masborough. The majority of the line is still in use today.

References

Bibliography

* [http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/people.htm Rotherham People of Note]
* [http://www.oldtowns.co.uk/Yorkshire/rotherham.htm Whites Directory 1841?]
*http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/text/Learning/Archives+and+Museums/
* [http://www.rotherhamweb.co.uk/h/railways.htm Robson's Birmingham and Sheffield Directory, 1839]