Hans Kopfermann

Hans Kopfermann (April 26, 1895 in Breckenheim near Wiesbaden – 1963) was a German atomic and nuclear physicist. He devoted his entire career to spectroscopic investigations, and he did pioneering work in measuring nuclear spin. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club.

Education

Kopfermann began his studies at the " Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg" and the "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität" (today, the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). After World War I, he continued his studies at the Georg-August University of Göttingen under James Franck. He received his doctorate there in 1925. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Kopfermann.] [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.]

Career

After receipt of his doctorate, Kopferman went to work with Rudlof Landenburg, who was a staff scientist at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie" (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry; today, the " Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft"), in Berlin-Dahlem. Kopfermann investigated dispersion [ Hans Kopfermann and Rudolf Ladenburg "Untersuchungen über die anomale Dispersion angeregter Gase II Teil. Anomale Dispersion in angeregtem Neon Einfluß von Strom und Druck, Bildung und Vernichtung angeregter Atome", "Zeitschrift für Physik" Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 26-50 (1928)] and stimulated emission. In 1931, he began the study of the hyperfine structure of spectral lines, which began his pioneering work on measuring nuclear spin. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entries for Kopfermann and Landenburg.] [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.]

In 1932, Kopfermann was a Privatdozent at the "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität", which meant that he had completed his Habilitation. He then spent a year of research under Niels Bohr at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. From 1933 to 1937, he was a senior assistant to Gustav Hertz at the "Technische Hochschule Berlin" (today, the " Technische Universität Berlin"), in Berlin – Charlottenburg. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Kopfermann.] [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.] [ Document 20 "Hans Kopfermann: Letter to Niels Bohr [May 23, 1933] " in Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 54-59.]

From 1937, Kopfermann was an "ordentlicher Professor" (ordinarius professor) at the " Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel". In 1940, the publication of his book on the nuclear moment, "Kernmomente", [ Hans Kopfermann "Kernmomente" (Akademische Verl., 1940)] influenced the next generation of nuclear physicists. In 1941, against his will, Kopfermann was named dean of the University by the rector, which pressured Kopfermann into joining the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" (NSDAP, National Socialist Workers Party). He remained at Kiel until 1942. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Kopfermann.]

While at the University of Kiel, Kopfermann was a principal participant in an event organized by Wolfgang Finkelnburg. The event, known as the "Münchner Religionsgespräche" (“Munich Synod”), signaled the decline of the influence of the " deutsche Physik" (German physics) movement.

The "deutsche Physik" movement was anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability, [ Beyerchen, 1997, 141-167.] even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard [ Beyerchen, 1977, 79-102.] and Johannes Stark. [ Beyerchen, 1977, 103-140.] When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the concept and movement took on more favor and more fervor. Supporters of "deutsche Physik" launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Werner Heisenberg.

It was in the summer of 1940 that Finkelnburg became an acting director of the "Nationalsozialistischer Deutscher Dozentenbund" (NSDDB, National Socialist German University Lecturers League) at the "Technische Hochschule Darmstadt" [ Hentschel, 1996, 290 and Appendix F (see the entry for Finkelnburg).] (today, the " Technische Universität Darmstadt"). As such, he organized the "Münchner Religionsgespräche", which took place on November 15, 1940. The event was an offensive against the "deutsche Physik" movement. Finkelnburg invited five representatives to make arguments for theoretical physics and academic decisions based on ability, rather than politics: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Otto Scherzer, Georg Joos, Otto Heckmann, and Hans Kopfermann. Alfons Bühl, a supporter of "deutsche Physik", invited Harald Volkmann, Bruno Thüring, Wilhelm Müller, Rudolf Tomaschek, and Ludwig Wesch. The discussion was led by Gustav Borer, with Herbert Stuart and Johannes Malsch as observers. [Document 110: "The Fight against Party Politics" by Wolfgang Finkelnburg printed in Hentschel, 1996, 339-345. Also see Beyerchen, 1977, 176-179.] While the technical outcome of the event may have been thin, it was a political victory against "deutsche Physik" and signaled the decline of the influence of the movement within the German Reich. [ Beyerchen, 1977, 176-179.] [ In part, Finkelnburg’s role in organizing the "Münchner Religionsgespräche" influenced Carl Ramsauer, as president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, to select Finkelnburg in 1941 as his deputy. See Document 86: "Letter to Ludwig Prandtl" by Carl Ramsauer, 4 June 1944, in Hentschel, 1996, 267-268.]

In 1933, shortly after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which resulted in resignations and emigrations of many physicists, one of them was James Franck, who was director of the "II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen" (Second Physics Institute at the Georg-August University of Göttingen). In 1935, an ordinance related to the Civil Services act, the Law on the Retirement and Transfer of Professors as a Result of the Reorganization of the German System of Higher Education, was used to forcibly transfer Georg Joos to Göttingen to fill Frank’s position as ordinarius professor and director of the Second Physics Institute. In 1942, Kopfermann was appointed as ordinarius professor on the chair for experimental physics, formerly held by Franck and then Joos. From the start, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the "Uranverein" (Uranium Club). Additionally, he built a 6-MeV betatron, studied atomic beams, resonance, and the biological effects of radiation, and developed methods of optical interferometry. [ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entries for Kopfermann and Joos.] [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.]

As a principal in the "Uranverein", Kopferman, with a couple of physicists under his direction, investigated and developed isotope separation techniques; their work included the construction of a mass spectrograph. The mass spectrograph was listed as one of twenty-five commissioned nuclear research projects granted between April 1, 1943 and March 31, 1944; the classified list accompanied a letter from Kurt Diebner, Reich Planning Officer, to the president of the "Reichsforschungsrat" (Reich Research Council) on April 18, 1944. Electromagnetic mass spectrometry was investigated for the separation of uranium isotopes. [ Walker, 1993, 52-53.] [ Horst Kant "Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen", Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P203.PDF 2002] ), p. 19.] [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Kopfermann.] [ Kurt Diebner "Listing of Nuclear Research Commissions Enclosed with a Letter to the President of the Reich Research Council [April 18. 1944] " in Document #104 in Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 322-324.]

From 1953, Kopfermann was an ordinarius professor and director of the "I. Physikalisches Institut" (First Physics Institute) at the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. While there, he served on the council of CERN. [ Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Kopfermann.] [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.]

During 1956 and 1957, Kopfermann was vice-chairman of the "Arbeitskreis Kernphysik" (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the "Fachkommission II „Forschung und Nachwuchs“" (Commission II “Research and Growth”) of the "Deutschen Atomkommission" (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: Werner Heisenberg (chairman), Hans Kopfermann (vice-chairman), Fritz Bopp, Walther Bothe, Wolfgang Gentner, Otto Haxel, Willibald Jentschke, Heinz Maier-Liebnitz, Josef Mattauch, Wolfgang Riezler, Wilhelm Walcher, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Wolfgang Paul was also a member of the group during 1957. [ Horst Kant "Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen", Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P203.PDF 2002] ).]

Honors

Kopfermann was afforded a number of honors, which included election to the Academies of Göttingen, Heidelberg, and Copenhagen. [ Mehra and Rechenberg, Volume 6, Part 1, 2000, 351n413.]

Books

*Hans Kopfermann "Kernmomente" (Akademische Verl., 1940, 1956, and Academic Press, 1958)

*Hans Kopfermann "Physics of the electron shells (The American FIAT review of German science, 1939-1946)" (Office of Military Government for Germany Field Information Agencies, Technical, 1948) [ There were 50-odd volumes of the "FIAT Reviews of German Science", which covered the period 1930 to 1946 – cited by Max von Laue in "Document 117 Max von Laue: The Wartime Activities of German Scientists [April 1948] ", "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" Volume 4, Number 4 (April 1948), reprinted in Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, 393-395.]

*Hans Kopfermann "Physik der Elektronenhüllen" (Verl. Chemie, 1953)

*Hans Kopfermann "Über optisches Pumpen an Gasen" (Springer, 1960)

elected Literature

*Hans Kopfermann and Rudolf Ladenburg "Untersuchungen über die anomale Dispersion angeregter Gase II Teil. Anomale Dispersion in angeregtem Neon Einfluß von Strom und Druck, Bildung und Vernichtung angeregter Atome", "Zeitschrift für Physik" Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 26-50 (1928). The authors were identified as being at Berlin-Dahlem. The article was received on December 17, 1927.

*Rudolf Landenburg and Hans Kopfermann "Experimenteller Nachweis der negativen Dispersion", "Z. Phys. Chemie Abt. A" Volume 139, 375–385 (1928)

Bibliography

*Beyerchen, Alan D. "Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich" (Yale, 1977) ISBN 0-300-01830-4

*Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) "Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources" (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0

*Lieb, Klaus-Peter "Theodor Schmidt and Hans Kopfermann – Pioneers in Hyperfine Physics", "Hyperfine Interactions" Volume 136-137, Numbers 3-8, 783-802 (2001). Institutional citation: "II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen".

*Mehra, Jagdish and Helmut Rechenberg "The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6: The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926-1941, Part 1: The Probability Interpretation and the Statistical Transformation Theory, the Physical Interpretation, and the Empirical and Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics 1926-1932" (Springer, 2000)

*Walker, Mark "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949" (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7

Notes