Johan Kievit

Johan Kievit (1627 - 1692) was an Orangist Rotterdam Regent, who may have been one of the instigators of the murder of former Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt, of the Dutch Republic, and his brother Cornelis de Witt on August 20, 1672, together with his brother-in-law, Cornelis Tromp.

Biography

Early life

Johan Kievit (first name sometimes spelled "Joan" or "Johannes"; last name variously given as "Kievidt" or "Kiewit") was the son of Nicolaas Kievit and Dieuwertje Pauw [Van der Aa, p. 52] , both of well-known Rotterdam families. He married Alida Tromp, the daughter of lieutenant-admiral Maarten Tromp on April 27, 1653 ["Digital Family Tree Rotterdam" [http://www.gemeentearchief.rotterdam.nl/content/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=56/] under "Johannes Kievit" and "Alijda Tromp" in marriage register] when she was only 16 (and he 26). He practiced law before the "Hof van Holland" (the main law court of the province of Holland), before going into politics in 1659, when he became a member of the Rotterdam vroedschap. In May, 1666 he was appointed a member of the "Gecommitteerde Raden" (Executive) of the States of Holland and West Friesland.

The Buat-conspiracy

Kievit was a partisan of the young Prince of Orange, William III, who had been excluded from high office by the States-Party regent faction of Johan de Witt during the First Stadtholderless Period. As such he became involved in the treasonous correspondence of Henri de Fleury de Coulan, lord of Buat, better known as "cavalry-captain Buat," with the English court of William's uncle Charles II of England, during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Buat was executed for treason [According to historian Bilderdijk, the father of one of the attempted assassins of De Witt in June, 1672, Van der Graef, one of the judges in the trial of Buat, had to recuse himself, which may have skewed the vote in favor of conviction; aut|Bilderijk, W. and Tydeman, H.W. (1836) "Geschiedenis des Vaderlands", p. 282] , but Kievit managed to escape to England. He was sentenced to death for his part in the conspiracy "in absentia". In England he became a favorite of Charles who made him a baronet [Van der Aa, p. 52] .

Even before the conspiracy was discovered, Kievit was fired from his position in the "gecommitteerde raden", because he published a libelous pamphlet, entitled "Brief van den heer van Sommelsdijk" ("Letter of Lord Sommelsdijk"), in which he defended his brother-in-law lieutenant-admiral Cornelis Tromp's conduct during the St. James's Day Battle, disparaging lieutenant-admiral Michiel de Ruyter at the same time [Bilderdijk and Tydeman, "op. cit", ppp. 169-171, 271] .

The murder of the De Witt brothers

When the Dutch Republic was attacked by France, England, and two German principalities in 1672, Kievit's political fortunes changed again. The attack caused a severe political crisis in the Dutch Republic during this Rampjaar ("Year of disaster"). Because of the military disaster the De Witt regime was forced to retract the Perpetual Edict (1667) and to appoint Prince William first Captain general (in January), and later (in early July) Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland. Kievit returned to the Republic and asked to be pardoned and get his office in the Rotterdam "vroedschap" back. He indeed received a full pardon in August, 1672, from the Prince (Johan de Witt had resigned his office of Grand Penionary on August 4) [Van der Aa, p. 53] . This enabled him to take part in the conspiracy with his brother-in-law Cornelis Tromp (who held a grudge against De Witt, after having been dismissed from the navy in 1666 because of the quarrel with De Ruyter), and several members of the Hague civic militia, who were close associates of Kievit, against the De Witt brothers, which resulted in their lynching on August 20, 1672.

Later career

Like other conspirators, such as Johan van Banchem (who became "baljuw" of The Hague), Kievit was rewarded for his crime by the new regime [aut|Rowen, H.H. (1986) "John de Witt:Statesman of the "true freedom" ", Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521527082, p. 222] . He was first appointed Pensionary of the city of Rotterdam. After only one year in this prestigious office he was appointed "advocaat-fiscaal" of the Admiralty of Rotterdam. As such he supervised the collection of the customs duties ("Convooien en licenten"). This office apparently offered good possibilities for corrupt practices. Kievit was arrested on suspicion of embezzlement in 1686 and after a lengthy trial in which his main defense was "that everybody did it," convicted and sentenced to banishment in 1689 [aut|Roever, N. de (1891) "Oud Holland", p. 29] . However, his daugther Debora, who was married to a son of the governor-general of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Batavia, Cornelis Speelman ["Taxandria: tijdschrift voor noordbrabantsche geschiedenis en volkskunde", vol. V (1898), pp. 265-266] , ransomed him for 20,000 guilders, which enabled him to live out his years in Rotterdam till his death in 1692 [Van der Aa, p. 53] .

Miscellanea

*The Dutch poet and playwright Joannes Antonides van der Goes, who worked as a clerk at the Rotterdam Admiralty at the time Kievit was "advocaat-fiscaal" wrote a laudatory "Verjaargedicht" ("Birthday poem") in Kievit's honor, probably in 1678 [aut|Joannes Antonides van der Goes, ed. by Bilderdijk, W. (1827) "Gedichten", pp. 276-277] .

*The Dutch writer of humoristic works Aernout van Overbeke wrote burlesque letters [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/over001mbar01_01/index.htm Buyten gaets] to among others Alida Tromp, the wife of Kievit, who himself is mentioned in these "letters" [aut|Aernout van Overbeke, ed. by Marijke Barend-van Haeften, Arie-Jan Gelderblom (1998) "Buyten gaets. Twee burleske reisbrieven van Aernout van Overbeke", 1998 Uitgeverij Verloren, ISBN9065501533, pp. 24-26] .

*Kievit was also a "bewindvoerder" (director) in the Rotterdam Chamber of the VOC from 1664 to 1689.

References

ources

* Entry "Kievit, Johan" in: aut|Aa, A.J. van der, "et al." (1862) "Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons Vaderland hebben vermaard gemaakt. Zevende deel, letter I, J en K", pp. 52-53

External links

*nl icon [http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/collectie/zoeken/asset.jsp?id=SK-A-4508&lang=nl Rijksmuseum]
*nl icon [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/Repertorium/app/personen/5782 Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis]