Colloidal silver

Colloidal silver is a liquid suspension of microscopic particles of silver. A colloid is technically defined as particles which remain suspended without forming an ionic, or dissolved solution. The broader commercial definition of "colloidal silver" includes products that contain various concentrations of ionic silver, silver colloids, ionic silver compounds or silver proteins in purified water. Colloidal silver with concentrations of 30 parts per million (ppm) or less are typically manufactured using an electrolysis process, whereas colloidal silver with higher concentrations of 50 ppm or more are usually either silver compounds such as silver chloride and silver iodide or are solutions that have been bound with a protein to disperse the particles. Silver ions are reported to kill bacteria via the oligodynamic effect by inhibiting the expression of enzymes and other proteins essential to ATP production. [cite journal |author=Yamanaka M, Hara K, Kudo J |title=Bactericidal actions of a silver ion solution on Escherichia coli, studied by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=71 |issue=11 |pages=7589–93 |year=2005 |month=November |pmid=16269810 |pmc=1287701 |doi=10.1128/AEM.71.11.7589-7593.2005 |url=]

History and Applications

Prior to 1938, colloidal silver was widely promoted as a "cure-all", and silver products were prescribed by physicians as topical antibiotics.cite journal |author=Newman M, Kolecki P |title=Argyria in the ED |journal=Am J Emerg Med |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=525–6 |year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11593479 |doi=10.1053/ajem.2001.25773 |url=] However, with the development more effective, less expensive antibiotics such as penicillin and sulfanilamide, medical use of colloidal silver ceased.cite web| publisher = National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine | title = Colloidal Silver Products | url = http://nccam.nih.gov/health/alerts/silver/ |date = December 2006 | accessdate = 2008-10-06] From approximately 1990, there has been a resurgence of the promotion of colloidal silver as an alternative medicine treatment, marketed with claims that it can prevent or treat numerous diseases.cite journal |author=Fung MC, Bowen DL |title=Silver products for medical indications: risk-benefit assessment |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=119–26 |year=1996 |pmid=8632503 |doi= |url=]

Colloidal silver products are legally available at health food stores in the United States and Australia and are marketed over the Internet as a dietary supplement. It is illegal in the U.S. and Australia for marketers to make claims of medical effectiveness for colloidal silver, but some websites still list its use for the prevention of colds and flu, and the treatment of more serious conditions such as diabetes, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis, among other diseases.cite journal |author=Fung MC, Weintraub M, Bowen DL |title=Colloidal silver proteins marketed as health supplements |journal=JAMA |volume=274 |issue=15 |pages=1196–7 |year=1995 |month=October |pmid=7563503 |doi= |url=] cite journal |author=Wadhera A, Fung M |title=Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver |journal=Dermatol. Online J. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=12 |year=2005 |pmid=15748553 |doi= |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/111/case_reports/argyria/wadhera.html] Colloidal silver has been found to lack any antimicrobial effect, [cite journal |author=van Hasselt P, Gashe BA, Ahmad J |title=Colloidal silver as an antimicrobial agent: fact or fiction? |journal=J Wound Care |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=154–5 |year=2004 |month=April |pmid=15114827 |doi= |url=] and there is no medical evidence that colloidal silver is effective for any of these claimed indications.cite journal |author= |title=Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule |journal=Fed Regist |volume=64 |issue=158 |pages=44653–8 |year=1999 |month=August |pmid=10558603 |doi= |url=] Silver is not an essential mineral in humans; there is no dietary requirement for silver, and no such thing as a silver "deficiency".

Currently, there are no evidence-based medical uses for colloidal silver.cite web|url=http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/display.cfm?id=ca255d3c-2ca8-46ed-a19011aa9f45cd23&method=displayfull&pn=5ac57a83-0f8d-4a3f-b743a0cdf23f193c | title = Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies: Colloidal Silver | publisher = M. D. Anderson Cancer Center | date = February 2008 | accessdate=2008-10-03] There are no clinical studies in humans demonstrating effectivness, and several reports of toxicity. The U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine has issued an advisory indicating that the marketing claims made about colloidal silver are scientifically unsupported, and that the silver content of marketed supplements varies widely and can pose risks to the consumer.

Toxicities and interactions

Excessive intake of silver products may result in a condition known as argyria, one symptom of which is blue or gray discoloration of the skin. [cite journal |author=Baker CD, Federico MJ, Accurso FJ |title=Case report: skin discoloration following administration of colloidal silver in cystic fibrosis |journal=Curr. Opin. Pediatr. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=733–5 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18025945 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f11fee |url=] The discoloration occurs when silver is deposited in the skin and then darkened by sunlight, just as silver particles in photographic film darken when exposed to sunlight. Localized argyria can occur as a result of topical use of silver-containing remedies, while generalized argyria results from the ingestion of colloidal silver.cite journal |author=Brandt D, Park B, Hoang M, Jacobe HT |title=Argyria secondary to ingestion of homemade silver solution |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=53 |issue=2 Suppl 1 |pages=S105–7 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16021155 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.026 |url=] Arygria is usually permanent, and there is no known effective treatment. While argyria is usually benign and limited to skin discoloration, there are isolated reports of more serious neurologic, renal, or hepatic complications. A death has been reported in the medical literature as a result of colloidal silver use; in that case, a 71-year-old man developed status epilepticus which the authors felt was due to silver toxicity. [cite journal |author=Mirsattari SM, Hammond RR, Sharpe MD, Leung FY, Young GB |title=Myoclonic status epilepticus following repeated oral ingestion of colloidal silver |journal=Neurology |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=1408–10 |year=2004 |month=April |pmid=15111684 |doi= |url=http://www.neurology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15111684]

A number of case reports describe argyria after ingestion of colloidal silver marketed as an alternative-medicine treatment. [Case reports of argyria related to colloidal silver products include:
*cite journal |author=Kalouche H, Watson A, Routley D |title=Blue lunulae: argyria and hypercopprecaemia |journal=Australas. J. Dermatol. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=182–4 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17680971 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-0960.2007.00376.x |url=
*cite journal |author=Baker CD, Federico MJ, Accurso FJ |title=Case report: skin discoloration following administration of colloidal silver in cystic fibrosis |journal=Curr. Opin. Pediatr. |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=733–5 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18025945 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3282f11fee |url=
*cite journal |author=Chang AL, Khosravi V, Egbert B |title=A case of argyria after colloidal silver ingestion |journal=J. Cutan. Pathol. |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=809–11 |year=2006 |month=December |pmid=17177941 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0560.2006.00557.x |url=
*cite journal |author=Wadhera A, Fung M |title=Systemic argyria associated with ingestion of colloidal silver |journal=Dermatol. Online J. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=12 |year=2005 |pmid=15748553 |doi= |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/111/case_reports/argyria/wadhera.html
*cite journal |author=Brandt D, Park B, Hoang M, Jacobe HT |title=Argyria secondary to ingestion of homemade silver solution |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=53 |issue=2 Suppl 1 |pages=S105–7 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16021155 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.026 |url=
*cite journal |author=McKenna JK, Hull CM, Zone JJ |title=Argyria associated with colloidal silver supplementation |journal=Int. J. Dermatol. |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=549 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12839605 |doi= |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0011-9059&date=2003&volume=42&issue=7&spage=549] Colloidal silver may theoretically interact with some medications, including tetracycline and quinolone antibiotics and penicillamine, reducing the effectiveness of those medications.cite web| url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69189.cfm | title = About Herbs: Colloidal Silver | publisher = Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center | date = 2008-07-25 | accessdate = 2008-10-03]

Government regulation

In August 1999, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned colloidal silver sellers from claiming any therapeutic value for the product, noting that such products were being marketed for numerous diseases without evidence of effectiveness. The FDA also banned over-the-counter sale of drug products containing colloidal silver due to the lack of safety or efficacy data. The product now has the status of a dietary supplement in the US; it can be promoted with general "structure-function" claims, but cannot be marketed as preventing or treating any illness.

Following this ruling, the FDA has issued numerous warnings to Internet sites which have continued to promote colloidal silver as an antibiotic or for other medical purposes.cite web |url= http://www.fda.gov/cvm/CVM_Updates/silver.html|title= Colloidal Silver Not Approved|accessdate=2008-09-22 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=2007-02-12] cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/cder/warn/cyber/2001/Cyber097.pdf|title=FDA Warning Letter|accessdate=2008-09-22|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=2001-03-13]

In 2002, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) ruled that colloidal silver-containing products were no longer exempt from therapeutic goods legislation and had to meet the requirements of other products covered by this law. The TGA found that "there are no current legitimate uses of colloidal silver and that the Surveillance Section of the TGA be requested to investigate the illegal availability of colloidal silver products because of concerns about their significant toxicity. The reasons for the recommendation were that:

There is little evidence to support therapeutic claims made for colloidal silver products; the risk to consumers of silver toxicity outweighs the value of trying an unsubstantiated treatment, and bacterial resistance to silver can occur; and efforts should be made to curb the illegal availability of colloidal silver products, which is a significant public health issue.cite web|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/html/csilver.htm|title= Regulation of colloidal silver and related products|publisher= Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration|accessdate=2008-09-22|date=2005-11-09]

ee also

*Silver Nano
*Colloidal gold

References

External links

*cite web|url=http://nccam.nih.gov/health/alerts/silver/ | title = Colloidal Silver Products | publisher = National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
*cite web|url=http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/display.cfm?id=ca255d3c-2ca8-46ed-a19011aa9f45cd23&method=displayfull&pn=5ac57a83-0f8d-4a3f-b743a0cdf23f193c | title = Complementary/Integrative Medicine Therapies: Colloidal Silver | publisher = M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
*cite web| url = http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69189.cfm | title = About Herbs: Colloidal Silver | publisher = Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center