Homonym

In linguistics, a homonym is one of a group of words that share the same pronunciation but have different meanings, and are usually spelled differently. Some sources only require that homonyms share the same spelling or pronunciation (in addition to having different meanings), but these are the definitions most other sources give for homographs and homophones respectively. The state of being a homonym is called homonymy. Examples of homonyms are "stalk" (which can mean either part of a plant or to follow someone around), bear (animal) and bear (carry), left (opposite of right) and left (past tense of leave). Some sources also consider the following trio of words to be homonyms, but others designate them as "only" homophones: "to", "too" and "two" (actually, "to", "to", "too", "too" and "two", being "for the purpose of" as in "to make it easier", the opposite of "from", "also", "excessively", and "2", respectively). Some sources state that homonym meanings must be unrelated in origin (rather than just different). Thus "right" (correct) and "right" (opposed to left) would be polysemous (see below) and not be homonyms.

There is similar confusion about the definition of some of the related terms described below. This article explains what appear to be the "standard" meanings, and variant definitions are then summarised under "Terminological confusion".

The word "homonym" comes from the conjunction of the Greek prefix "homo-" (meaning same) and suffix "-onym" (meaning name). Thus, it refers to two or more distinct words sharing the "same name".

Related terms

Several similar linguistic concepts are related to homonymy. The term 'homonym' is ambiguous because there are a number of ways that two meanings can share the 'same name' and because the term is used in different ways by educated speakers, and these variant meanings are recorded by dictionaries. The terms "homograph" and "homophone" are however usually defined the same way as meaning "same spelling" and "same sound" respectively, and "heteronym" and "homonym" can be seen as respective subclasses of these.

* Homographs are words that share the same spelling regardless of how they are pronounced. Homographs may be pronounced the same, in which case they are also homophones – for example, "bark" (the sound of a dog) and "bark" (the skin of a tree). Alternatively they may be pronounced differently, in which case they are also heteronyms – for example, "row" (argument) and "row" (propel with oars). ("Homograph" also has a specialised meaning in typography, where it may be used as a synonym for homoglyph.)

* Homophones are words that share the same pronunciation regardless of how they are spelled. Homophones may be spelled the same (in which case they are also homographs) or spelled differently (in which case they are heterographs). Homographic examples include "tire" (to become weary) and "tire" (on the wheel of a car). Heterographic examples include "to", "too", "two", and "there", "their", "they’re".

* Heteronyms can be seen as the subclass of homographs (words that share the same spelling) that have different pronunciations. That is, they are homographs which are not homophones. This means words that are spelled the same but with different pronunciations (and meanings). Such words include "desert" (to abandon) and "desert" (arid region); "row" (to argue or an argument) and "row" (as in to row a boat or a row of seats). Note that the latter meaning also constitutes a homophone. Heteronyms are also sometimes called heterophones. ("Heteronym" also has a specialized meaning in poetry; see Heteronym (literature).)

* "Homonyms" can be seen as the subclass of homophones that are spelled the same, which is logically the same as the subclass of homographs that are pronounced the same. This means words that are spelled and pronounced the same (but have different meanings).

*Polysemes are words with the same spelling and distinct but "related" meanings. The distinction between polysemy and homonymy is often subtle and subjective, and not all sources consider polysemous words to be homonyms. Words such as "mouth", meaning either the orifice on one's face, or the opening of a cave or river, are polysemous and may or may not be considered homonyms.

*Capitonyms are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized (and may or may not have different pronunciations). Such words include "polish" (to make shiny) and "Polish" (from Poland).

In derivation, "homograph" means "same writing", "homophone" means "same sound", "heteronym" means "different name", and "heterophone" means "different sound".

Terminological confusion

There is considerable confusion and contradiction in published sources about the distinction between homonyms, homographs, homophones and heteronyms. Significant variant interpretations include:

*"Chambers 21st Century Dictionary" [cite web
url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/chref/chref.py/main?query=homonym&title=21st
title=Chambers Reference Online - Homonym
accessdate=2008-01-14] defines a homonym as "a word with the same sound "and" spelling as another, but with a different meaning" (italics added). "Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English" [cite web
url=http://pewebdic2.cw.idm.fr/
title=Longman dictionary of contemporary English
accessdate=2008-01-14] also defines a homonym as "a word that is spelt the same and sounds the same as another, but is different in meaning or origin." "Random House Unabridged Dictionary" [cite web
url=http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=homonym&r=66
title=Dictionary.com - Homonym
accessdate=2008-01-14] explains in greatest detail that homonym is the technically correct term for words that are simultaneously homographs and homophones but that it is used in the sense of only homograph or only homophone in nontechnical contexts. "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" [cite web
url=http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=homonym
title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
accessdate=2008-01-14] also says that a homonym is "one of two or more words spelt "and" pronounced alike but different in meaning" (italics added), but appears to also give homonym as a synonym for either homophone or homograph. "Cambridge Dictionary of American English" [cite web
url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=homonym*1+0&dict=A
title=Cambridge Dictionary of American English
accessdate=2008-01-14] defines homonym as "a word that is spelt the same as another word but that does not have the same meaning" and adds "A homonym is also a homophone".

*The entry for homograph in "The Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th Edition)" states that homographs are "words spelt but "not" sounded alike", and homophones are "words alike "only" in sound (i.e. not alike in spelling)" (italics and comment added).

* Homographs are defined in the "Oxford English Dictionary" as words that are spelt "and" pronounced the same as another but with a different meaning (which is the definition of a homonym in most other sources), thus excluding pairs such as "desert" (abandon) and "desert" (arid region), which are considered homographs by most other sources.

* The "Encarta" dictionary [cite web
url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861617704
title=Encarta
accessdate=2008-01-14] defines heteronym as "each of two or more words that are spelt the same, but differ in meaning and "often" in pronunciation" (italics added). The "Fun with Words" website [cite web
url=http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_words.html
title=Fun with Words
accessdate=2008-01-14] similarly says that a heteronym is "One of two (or more) words that have the same spelling, but different meaning, and "sometimes" different pronunciation too".

Further examples

A further example of a homonym which is both a homophone and a homograph is "fluke". "Fluke" can mean:
*A fish, and a flatworm.
*The end parts of an anchor.
*The fins on a whale's tail.
*A stroke of luck.All four are separate lexemes with separate etymologies, but share the one form, "fluke".* [cite web
url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=fluke&searchmode=none
title=The Online Etymological Dictionary
accessdate=2008-01-14]

Similarly, a river "bank", a savings "bank", a "bank" of switches, and a "bank" shot in pool share only a common spelling and pronunciation, but not meaning.

The words "bow" and "bough" are interesting because there are two meanings associated with a single pronunciation and spelling (the weapon and the knot); there are two meanings with two different pronunciations (the knot and the act of bending at the waist), and there are two distinct meanings sharing the same sound but different spellings: (bow, the act of bending at the waist, and bough, the branch of a tree). In addition, it has several related but distinct meanings - a bent line is sometimes called a 'bowed' line, reflecting its similarity to the weapon. Thus, even according to the most restrictive definitions, various pairs of sounds and meanings of "bow" and "bough" are homonyms, homographs, homophones, heterophones, heterographs, and are polysemous.

*bow - To bend forward at the waist in respect (e.g. "bow down")
*bow - the front of the ship (e.g. "bow and stern")
*bow - the weapon which shoots arrows (e.g. "bow and arrow")
*bow - a kind of tied ribbon (e.g. bow on a present, a bowtie)
*bow - to bend outward at the sides (e.g. a "bow-legged" cowboy)
*bough - a branch on a tree. (e.g. "when the bough breaks...")
*bō - a long staff, usually made of tapered hard wood or bamboo
*beau--a male paramour

Homonymy in historical linguistics

Homonymy can lead to communicative conflicts and thus trigger lexical (onomasiological) change [On this phenomenon see Williams, Edna R. (1944), "The Conflict of Homonyms in English", [Yale Studies in English 100] , New Haven: Yale University Press, Grzega, Joachim (2004), "Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie", Heidelberg: Winter, p. 216ff., and Grzega, Joachim (2001d), “Über Homonymenkonflikt als Auslöser von Wortuntergang”, in: Grzega, Joachim (2001c), "Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch: 7 aktuelle Studien für alle Sprachinteressierten", Aachen: Shaker, p. 81-98.] . This is known as "homonymic conflict".

External links

* [http://www.all-about-spelling.com/homophones-worksheets.html Information on teaching homophones] including free ebook and teaching tips
* [http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym_list.html Alan Cooper's Homonym List (actually homophones, not homonyms, as he himself explains)]
* [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1905&CurriculumID=14 Quiz to learn homonyms (actually homophones, not homonyms)]
* [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2027&CurriculumID=14 Quiz Using Picture Clues]
* [http://www.audienceoftwo.com/mag.php?art_id=598 Homophone Translator]
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=fluke&searchmode=none Etymologies]
* [http://assortedmaterial.googlepages.com/EnglishIndex.html Homonyms and Homophones] - a very basic, but useful list

References