- Zeth Höglund
Carl Zeth "Zäta" Konstantin Höglund (
April 29 ,1884 –August 13 ,1956 ) was a leading Swedishsocialist politician, an Anti-Militarist, author, journalist andmayor ofStockholm (1940 - 1950). Höglund can be credited as the founder of the Swedish Communist movement. Zeth Höglund went on many meetings inBolshevik Russia and was elected to theComintern Executive Committee in 1922.Background
Zeth Höglund grew up in
Gothenburg in a lower middle-class family. His father, Carl Höglund, worked as a merchant in leather and later became a shoemaker. Zeth was the youngest of ten children. He was also the only son, and hence had nine big sisters.His parents were very religious, but they didn’t like the church hierarchy and the way preachers and governments used religion to control people. Zeth Höglund would later become an
Atheist .Political Awakening
[
student cap , graduating from High School in 1902] Early on in High School, Höglund started considering himself asocialist and instead of his school books he started reading the German socialistsKarl Marx ,Ferdinand Lassalle ,Wilhelm Liebknecht and the Swedish socialistsAxel Danielsson andHjalmar Branting . He also readNietzsche andAugust Strindberg .He graduated from High School in 1902 with average grades. He soon got an internship with the liberal daily
Göteborgs Posten and was hired by that newspaper that fall.The same fall Höglund started studying "History", "Political Science" and "Literature" at the
Gothenburg University . Here he metFredrik Ström , a four-year-older student, also a radical socialist. They developed a close friendship that would last their whole lives.At the
May Day demonstration in 1903, Z. Höglund and Fredrik Ström were invited to speak, by the Social Democratic Party, on the demand for 8-hour workdays. Höglund started and was followed by Ström who suddenly started agitating for 6-hour workdays, and even promising 4-hour workdays in a socialist future.In Paris
In the summer of 1903, Höglund and Fredrik Ström decided to move to
Paris . They were curious of the homeland of the greatFrench Revolution of 1789 and the city where their heroes Marat, Danton and Saint Just had lived and fought.In Paris they attended several socialists meetings, of which the grandest was when
Jean Jaurès spoke to over 4,000 people. They tried to write on their own and sent political texts home to Sweden were some of them were published in different newspapers. One day at the post office, Fredrik Ström discovered that they were under surveillance by the French police.The two Swedes were very short on money. They had to live modestly in Paris and couldn’t spend much money on food. When winter came they froze and went hungry. They had hoped to stay much longer but decided to go back to Sweden. They didn’t have any money for the trip home but two of Höglund's sisters, Ada and Alice, sent them the money and they returned home by Christmas 1903.
Anti-Militarism
Höglund joined the
Swedish Social Democratic Party in 1904 and became the leader of party’s youth movement. He wrote an article called "Let Us Make Swedish Social Democracy the Strongest in the World".In 1905 Höglund strongly supported
Norway ’s right to self-determination and independence fromSweden . When the Swedishbourgeoisie made clear that they were prepared to subdue Norway by force, Zeth Höglund wrote the manifesto "Down With Weapons!" ("Ned med vapnen!") in which he declared that if the Swedish workers were forced to go to war with Norway, they would instead turn their weapons against the Swedish ruling class. The war was avoided and Norway became independent but, as a result of his anti-war agitation, Zeth Höglund was sentenced to six months in jail, which he served between the mid-summer and Christmas of 1906.While condemned and imprisoned by the Swedish ruling class as a dangerous rebel, Höglund was saluted by others. The German socialist
Karl Liebknecht described him as a hero in his book "Militarism and Anti-Militarism". [http://www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-k/works/1907/militarism-antimilitarism/index.htm] The Russian Communist leaderLenin wrote: "The close alliance between the Norwegian and Swedish workers, their complete fraternal class solidarity, gained from the Swedish workers’ recognition of the right of the Norwegians to secede. ... The Swedish workers have proved that in spite of all the vicissitudes of bourgeois policy ... they will be able to preserve and defend the complete equality and class solidarity of the workers of both nations in the struggle against both the Swedish and the Norwegian bourgeoisie." ("The Right of Nations to Self-Determination") [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/ch06.htm#v20pp72-425]In November 1912 Höglund, together with his Swedish comrades
Hjalmar Branting andTure Nerman , attended the special emergency convention of the Socialist International, which had been summoned toBasel inSwitzerland , due to the outbreak of theBalkan Wars . At the convention, the leaders of all the European Socialist parties agreed to stand together internationally to prevent any future wars.Together with
Fredrik Ström andHannes Sköld , Höglund wrote the anti-militarist manifesto "Det befästa fattighuset" (The fortress poorhouse) in which they described and criticized Sweden as an armed fortress and at the same time a poorhouse, where the people were miserable and the rulers spent all resources on militarism. "Not one krona, not oneöre , to militarism!" was the slogan of the manifesto. It was met by despise from the bourgeoisie politicians and media.World War I and Zimmerwald
In 1914 Höglund got a seat in the
lower house of theRiksdag . There he agitated for socialism, againstcapitalism , war and the Swedish monarchy. Höglund’s speeches were so revolutionary that they even provokedHjalmar Branting , although many young socialists started seeing Höglund as their true leader.In 1914 when
World War I broke out, Zeth Höglund together withTure Nerman represented the Swedish-Norwegian members of theZimmerwald Conference , the internationalsocialist anti-war movement which gathered in the small Swiss village ofZimmerwald . There the young Swedish socialist metLenin ,Zinoviev ,Karl Radek andLeon Trotsky : Zeth Höglund and Ture Nerman felt very close to the RussianBolsheviks .Back in
Bern , after the conference in Zimmerwald, Zeth Höglund had abeer with Lenin in a local pub. Lenin asked Höglund if the "Swedish Socialist Youth Organization" possibly could donate some much needed money to the Bolsheviks. Höglund offered Lenin some money, and although it wasn’t much, Lenin was extremely joyful and grateful. Höglund realized afterwards that maybe it was more about political trust than money.Even though Sweden did not participate in the war, Höglund's anti-war propaganda was enough to once again send Zeth Höglund to jail for "betrayal of the Kingdom". While Höglund was in prison at Långholmen in
Stockholm , his wife gave birth to their second daughter.In April 1917, Lenin and other communists passed through
Stockholm from the exile in Switzerland on their return trip to Russia after theFebruary Revolution . Lenin, who was greeted in Sweden byOtto Grimlund ,Ture Nerman ,Fredrik Ström andCarl Lindhagen , wanted to go and visit Höglund in jail. Arrangements were made but, due other meetings running over time and the Bolsheviks hurry to get back to Russia, Lenin’s visit to Långholmen had to be cancelled. However, the Bolshevik leader sent a telegram to Höglund wishing him strength and hoping to see him soon again, signed Lenin and Ström.Zeth Höglund, prisoner number 172, was released from Långholmen on
May 6 ,1917 after more than 13 months in prison. He was greeted by his comrades, family and a couple of thousands workers who had gathered outside the prison. On the same day of his release, Höglund held a speech in a park in Stockholm, massing thousands of people to hear him talk about peace, socialism and revolution.From Russia came a telegram: "On the day of your release from prison, the C.C. of the R.S.D.L.P. greets in your person a staunch fighter against the imperialist war and a wholehearted supporter of the Third International." signed by Lenin and Zinoviev. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/23h.htm]
The Birth of the Swedish Communist Movement
Höglund was a radical, revolutionary socialist and was the main leader of the Left Opposition in the Social Democratic Party, against the
reformist politics of the party leaderHjalmar Branting . In 1917, Zeth Höglund and the left-wing were expelled from the party but they regrouped as the "Swedish Social Democratic Left Party", which supported theBolsheviks in Russia and worked for the aim of a communist revolution in Sweden. This new party would soon become the (original) Communist Party of Sweden (SKP).In 1916 the left socialists launched their own newspaper, "Politiken", in which they wrote and published many texts by Lenin,
Zinoviev ,Bukharin andKarl Radek . Both Radek and Bukharin, who spent a lot of time in the neutral Sweden during the World War, had a great influence on the development of the Swedish Socialist Left.In December 1917, Höglund and
Karl Kilbom traveled toPetrograd to visit the Bolsheviks and show their support of the revolution. On their day of arrival, Höglund was invited to see Lenin in theSmolny . Lenin was in an excellent mood. The Swedish communists were one of the first international groups to visit Soviet Russia and, by New Year's Eve, the Swedish delegation was joined byOtto Grimlund andCarl Lindhagen .Höglund and Lindhagen were invited to speak to an audience of 10,000 people in Petrograd. The BolshevikAlexandra Kollontay , who had spent a lot of time in Scandinavia and had become a close friend of the Swedish left socialists, translated the speeches of Lindhagen and Höglund from Swedish to Russian.Höglund stayed until spring of 1918 in Soviet Russia. He traveled around the country and worked closely with the Bolshevik leaders. He was even offered to be made an honorable corporal in the
Red Army , but he declined. (The position was then offered to the Norwegian CommunistOlav Scheflo .) Höglund wrote long texts for "Politiken" and managed to keep a great influence over the communist movement in Sweden from abroad.On his way back to Sweden, Höglund also visited the Reds in
Finland , which at the time was in the throes of theFinnish civil war , which soon ended in White victory.Comintern
representing the Swedish Socialist Left. Zeth Höglund worked hard to convince his comrades that the Swedish Party should join the Comintern.
During the second congress of the Comintern, which took place in Russia the summer of 1920,
Zinoviev spooke: “Unfortunately Comrade Höglund and others who took part along with us in the founding of the Communist International are not here.” InsteadKata Dalström was there representing the Swedish communists.But in the summer of 1921, Zeth Höglund, together with
Fredrik Ström andHinke Bergegren represented Sweden in the third congress of the Comintern held in Moscow, and Höglund worked hard to make the Swedish party accept theTwenty-one Conditions for membership in the Communist International, including changing the name from "Sweden’s Social Democratic Left Party" to the "Swedish Communist Party". Some of the party’s members who did not agree to the 21 theses left the party while others, includingCarl Lindhagen , were expelled.Höglund was elected to the
Comintern Executive Committee in 1922. However, in 1924, over disagreement concerning the development ofComintern policies, thinking there was too much direct control fromMoscow , Höglund split from Swedish Communist Party and founded his own Communist Party. In 1926 he rejoined theSwedish Social Democratic Party , where he was part of the radical left. He still considered himself a Communist until the day he died in 1956, always defending the original ideas ofLenin andTrotsky , while critically opposingStalinism .Zeth Höglund was the Mayor of Stockholm from 1940 till 1950.
Zeth Höglund had a street named after him in Leningrad, but after the rise of
Stalinism the street name was changed.Works
*Zeth Höglund is the author of a two volume biography about
Hjalmar Branting .*His own autobiography is called "Minnen i fackelsken" (Memories in Torch Light) and is in three volumes: Part I: "Glory Days, 1900-1911", Part II: "From Branting to Lenin, 1912 - 1916", & Part III, "The Revolutionary Years, 1917 – 1921".
:But according to the Russian-Swedish historian,
Aleksander Kan , Zeth Höglund was very modest when he writes about his role in the founding and history of the early Swedish Communist movement.*Zeth’s daughter,
Gunhild Höglund wrote the forth volume in the "Memories in Torch Light" series, called "Moscow, there and back again", published 1960.References
*Kan, Aleksander. "Hemmabolsjevikerna". Falun: Carlssons bokförlag, 2005. (ISBN 91-7203-673-7)
*Höglund, Zeth. "Glory Days, 1900-1911". (autobiography vol. 1.) Stockholm: Tidens förlag, 1951.
*Höglund, Zeth. "From Branting to Lenin, 1912 - 1916". (autobiography vol. 2.) Stockholm: Tidens förlag, 1953.
*Höglund, Zeth. "The Revolutionary Years, 1917 – 1921". (autobiography vol. 3.) Stockholm: Tidens förlag, 1956.
*"Lenin's Struggle for a Revolutionary International - Documents, 1907-1916; the Preparatory Years", New York, Pathfinder press 1986 (ISBN 0-87348-928-4).
*"Founding the Communist International - Proceedings and Documents of the First Congress, March 1919", New York, Pathfinder press 1987 (ISBN 0-87348-943-8).
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