Bunun language

language
name=Bunun
familycolor=Austronesian
fam2=Formosan
iso2=map
iso3=bnn
states=Taiwan
region=
speakers=38,000
nation=officially recognized minority language of Taiwan

The Bunun language (布農語) is spoken by the Bunun people of Taiwan. It belongs to the Formosan languages, a subgroup of the Austronesian language family, and is subdivided in five dialects: Isbukun, Takbunuaz, Takivatan, Takibaka and Takituduh. Isbukun, the dominant dialect, is mainly spoken in the south of Taiwan. Takbunuaz and Takivatan are mainly spoken in the center of the country. Takibaka en Takituduh both are northern dialects. A sixth dialect, Takipulan, went extinct in the 1970s.

The Saaroa and Kanakanabu, two smaller minority groups who share their territory with an Isbukun Bunun group, have also adopted Bunun as their vernacular.

Linguistic profile

Bunun is a verb-initial language and has an Austronesian alignment system or focus system. This means that Bunun clauses do not have a nominative-accusative or absolutive-ergative alignment, but that arguments of a clause are ordered according to which participant in the event described by the verb is 'in focus'. In Bunun, four distinct roles can be in focus:
* the agent: the person or thing that is doing the action or achieving/maintaining a state;
* the undergoer: the person or thing that is somehow participating in the action without being an agent; there are three kinds of undergoers:
** patients: persons or things to whom an action is done or an event happens
** instruments: things (sometimes persons) which are used to perform an action
** beneficiaries (also called recipients): the persons (sometimes things) for whom an action is done or for whom an event happens
* the locative participant: the location where an action takes place; in languages with a Philippine-style voice system, spatial location is often at the same level in a clause as agents and patients, rather than being an adverbial clause, like in English (see [Schachter & Otanes 1972] for a discussion of location in Tagalog).Which argument is in focus is indicated on the verb by a combination of prefixes and suffixes . [Zeitoun 2000]
* a verb in agent focus is often unmarked, but can get the prefix "ma-" or - more rarely - "pa-" or "ka-"
* a verb in undergoer focus gets a suffix "-un"
* a verb locative focus gets a suffix "-an"Many other languages with a focus system have different marking for patients, instruments and beneficiaries,Fact|date=October 2007 but this is not the case in Bunun. The focussed argument in a Bunun clause will normally always occur immediately after the verb (e.g. in an actor-focus clause, the agent will appear before any other participant) and is in the Isbukun dialect marked with a post-nominal marker "a" [Zeitoun 2000] .

Bunun has a very large class of auxiliary verbs. Concepts that are expressed by auxiliaries include:
* negation ("ni" 'be not' and "uka" 'have not')
* modality and volition (e.g. "maqtu" 'can, be allowed')
* relative time (e.g. "ngausang" 'first, beforehand', "qanaqtung" 'be finished')
* comparison ("maszang" 'the same, similarly')
* question words (e.g. "via" 'why?')
* sometimes numerals (e.g. "tatini" '(be) alone, (be) only one')In fact, Bunun auxiliaries express all sorts of concepts that in English would be expressed by adverbial phrases, with the exception of time and place, which are normally expressed with adverbial phrases.

Bunun is an agglutinative language and has a very elaborate set of derivational affixes (more than 200), most of which derive verbs from other word classes. [Lin & al. 2001] Some of these prefixes are special in that they do not only occur in the verb they derive, but are also foreshadowed on a preceding auxiliary. These are called lexical prefixes [Nojima 1996] or anticipatory prefixes [Adelaar 2004] and only occur in Bunun and a small number of other Formosan languages.

Notes

References

* Adelaar, K. Alexander. 2004. The coming and going of ‘lexical prefixes’ in Siraya. "Language and Linguistics/語言暨語言學" 5(2): 333-361.
* Jeng, Heng-hsiung. 1977. "Topic and Focus in Bunun." Taipei: Academia Sinica.
* Nojima, Motoyasu. 1996. Lexical prefixes of Bunun verbs. "Gengo Kenkyu: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan" 110: 1-27.
* Li, Paul Jen-Kuei. 1988. A comparative study of Bunun dialects. "Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology", Academia Sinica 59(2): 479-508.
* Schachter, Paul and Fe T. Otanes. 1972. "Tagalog Reference Grammar". Berkeley: University of California Press.
* 齊莉莎 (Zeitoun, Elizabeth). 2000. "布農語參考語法." Taipei:遠流/YLib.
* 林太 (Lin Tai), 曾思奇 (Ceng Si-Qi), 李文甦 (Li Wen-Su) and 卜袞 (Bukun). 2001. "Isbukun.布農語構詞法研究." Taipei: 讀冊文化/Du-Ce Wen-Hua.