Ebbo Gospels

Ebbo Gospels

The Ebbo Gospels (Epernay, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 1) is an early Carolingian illuminated Gospel book known for an unusual, energetic style of illustration. The book was produced at the Benedictine abbey of Hautvillers, near Reims. The gospel book and other works produced under the patronage of Ebbo, Archbishop of Reims (also spelled Ebo) had a direct influence on Carolingian art and the course of medieval art (Berenson, 165).

The Gospel book contains a poem to Ebbo, and so is dated within the time he was archbishop of Rheims, usually to the period c. 816-835 before he was deposed. Ebbo also held Rheims from 840-841 and the Gospel book may have been made for his return (Chazelle, 1074).

Each page is 10 in by 8 in. The illustration has its roots in late classical painting. Landscape is represented in the illusionistic style of late classical painting. Greek artists fleeing the Byzantine iconoclasm of the 8th century brought this style to Aachen and Reims (Berenson, 163). The vibrant emotionalism, however, was new to Carolingian art and also distinguishes the Ebbo Gospels from classical art. Figures in the Ebbo Gospels are represented in nervous, agitated poses. The illustration uses an energetic, streaky style with swift brush strokes. The style directly influenced manuscript illumination for decades, as the Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram bears witness (Calkins, 211). The Utrecht Psalter is the most famous example of this school (Berenson, 163).

Commentators have noted the similarity between the Utrecht Psalter and the Ebbo Gospels. The evangelist portrait of Matthew in the Ebbo Gospels is similar to the illustration of the psalmist in the first psalm of the Utrecht Psalter (Benson, 23; Chazelle, 1073). Other images in the Ebbo Gospels appear to be based on distortions of drawings which may have been from the Utrecht Psalter (Chazelle 1074). According to Goldschmidt (cited in Benson, 23):

References

*cite journal|author=Gertrude R. Benson|title=New light on the origin of the Utrecht Psalter|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=13|issue=1|date=March 1931|pages=13-79|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3045474
*cite journal|author=Ruth Berenson|title=The Exhibition of Carolingian art at Aachen|journal=Art Journal|volume=26|issue=2|date=Winter 1966-1967|pages=160-165|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/775040
*cite book|author=Robert G. Calkins|title=Illuminated books of the middle ages|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1983|isbn=0-8014-9377-3
*cite journal|author=Celia Chazelle|title=Archbishops Ebo and Hincmar of Reims and the Utrecht Psalter|journal=Speculum|volume=72|issue=4|date=October 1997|pages=1055-1077|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2865958


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