John of Crema

John of Crema

John of Crema [John de Crema, Giovanni da Crema, Johannes Cremensis.] (died 27 January1137 [http://www.uni-saarland.de/verwalt/praesidial/LuSt/Lomb/L-63.html, note 2.] ) was an Italian papal legate and Cardinal. He was a close supporter of Pope Callistus II [ Mary Stroll, "Calixtus II (1119-1124): A Pope Born to Rule" (2004), p. 164.] .

Legate

He undertook a significant papal mission to Henry I of England in 1124-5, sent by Callistus (who died in 1124) and confirmed by his successor Pope Honorius II. At this time England was generally closed to papal diplomats [Stroll, p. 165.] ; of nine legates to England in Henry's reign, John was the only one to be able to use his authority [A. L. Poole, "Domesday Book to Magna Carta" (1955 edition), p. 184.] .

Modern historians have speculated [Reginald Allen Brown (editor), "Anglo-Norman Studies VI: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1983"(1984), p. 86.] that this permission was a "quid pro quo" after Callistus had annulled the marriage to Sibylla of Anjou of William Clito, who was struggling against Henry in Normandy. John, with Peter Pierleone and Gregory of San Angelo, had upheld the annulment [I. S. Robinson, "The Papacy 1073-1198"(1990), p. 158.] . Fulk V of Anjou, Sibylla's father, took this badly, and in late 1124 a stand-off developed. Fulk imprisoned the papal legates and treated them roughly, and was excommunicated. Shortly Fulk submitted, and William Clito's position deteriorated in consequence. [C. Warren Hollister, "Henry I" (2001), p. 305.] .

John held a major Council at Westminster Abbey on 9 September 1125 [ Edward Carpenter, "Cantuar: The Archbishops in Their Office"(1997), p. 116.] . Here he claimed precedence over William of Corbeil [Hollister, pp. 378-9.] .

One of John’s tasks related to enforcement of the celibacy of the clergy [ [http://www.wayoflife.org/fbns/beast12.htm Unholy Mother ] ] . A contemporary story, mentioned by Roger of Hoveden [ [http://www.elfinspell.com/Hoveden20.html Elfinspell:Annals of Roger de Hoveden Pt 20: Henry T. Riley English translation; Medieval History; online text; primary source ] ] , and repeated in David Hume’s history [ [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46719#n7 Book 1, Ch. 2 - The Conquest to King John | British History Online ] ] , is that he had been surprised in bed with a woman (perhaps supplied by the bishop of Durham [ [http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/5_ch15.htm History Of The Christian Church* ] ] ). This is treated now as a rumour, put about by Henry of Huntingdon [Hollister, p. 11.] .

Cardinal

He rebuilt his titular church of San Crisogono in Rome, from about 1120 [ [http://www.romaturismo.com/v2/allascopertadiroma/en/itinerari03.html Medieval Rome ] ] [ Peter Cornelius Claussen, "Die Kirchen der Stadt Rom in Mittelalter 1050-1300" (2002), p. 387.] . He became Cardinal around 1117 [ [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/titles-2.htm The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Titles ] ] .

Reference

*Sandy Burton Hicks, "The Anglo-Papal Bargain of 1125: The Legatine Mission of John of Crema", Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1976), pp. 301-310

Notes


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