Gunai

The Gunai or Kurnai is one of the Aboriginal nations of Australia. It is sometimes also spelt as Gunnai and Ganai.

It is made up of five major clans:

* Bratowooloong people in South Gippsland. From Cape Liptrap and Tarwin Meadows east to mouth of Merriman Creek; inland to about Mirboo; at Port Albert and Wilson's Promontory.

* Brayakuloong people around the current site of Sale. Providence Ponds, Avon and Latrobe rivers; west of Lake Wellington to Mounts Baw Baw and Howitt.

* Brabuwooloong people in Central Gippsland. Mitchell, Nicholson, and Tambo rivers; south to about Bairnsdale and Bruthen.

* Tatungoloong people near Lakes Entrance on the coast. Along Ninety Mile Beach and about Lakes Victoria and Wellington from Lakes Entrance southwest to mouth of Merriman Creek, also on Raymond Island in Lake King.

* Krauatungalung people near Snowy River. Cape Everard (Point Hicks) to Lakes Entrance; on Cann, Brodribb, Buchan, and Snowy rivers; inland to about Black Mountain.

The Gunai/Kurnai nation bordered on the lands of the Bidawal people to the east around Cann River and Mallacoota. The Kulin Nation occupied lands to the west, where Melbourne now stands.

Evidence of human occupation at Cloggs Cave, near Buchan, has been dated at up to 17,000 years [ Josephine Flood (2004) Archaeology of the Dreamtime, J.B Publishing, Marleston p, 25 ISBN 1 876 62250 4 ]

Language

Various closely related dialects were spoken among the people of the region.

Creation Story

The dreamtime story that the Gunai believed to be theirs was this. The first Gunai came down from the North-west Mountains. With a canoe on his head. His name was Borun and he was a pelican. He traversed the Tribal River and hiked into Tarra Warackel. As he journeyed he would hear a tapping sound but could not locate where it was coming from. When he came to a water hole he decided to stop for rest and when he put his canoe down. He was a astonished. Inside his canoe had been a woman. Her name was Tuk, the musk duck. He was delighted to see her. Later she became his wife and the mother of the Gunai people.

Resistance to European settlement

The Kurnai people resisted the European invasion of their land. It is extremely difficult to ascertain the numbers killed in the guerilla warfare undertaken, or the numbers who died in the massacres that were inflicted upon the Kurnai by the superior weaponry of the Europeans. A partial list from letters and diaries for an exhibition called "Koorie", mounted by the Museum of Victoria in 1991, included:

* 1840 - Nuntin- unknown number killed by Angus McMillan's men
* 1840 - Boney Point - "Angus McMillan and his men took a heavy toll of Aboriginal lives"
* 1841 - Butchers Creek - 30-35 shot by Angus McMillan's men
* 1841 - Maffra - unknown number shot by Angus McMillan's men
* 1842 - Skull Creek - unknown number killed
* 1842 - Bruthen Creek - "hundreds killed"
* 1843 - Warrigal Creek - between 60 and 180 shot by Angus McMillan and his men
* 1844 - Maffra - unknown number killed
* 1846 - South Gippsland - 14 killed
* 1846 - Snowy River - 8 killed by Captain Dana and the Aboriginal Police
* 1846-47 - Central Gippsland - 50 or more shot by armed party hunting for a white woman supposedly held by Aborigines; no such woman was ever found
* 1850 - East Gippsland - 15-20 killed
* 1850 - Murrindal - 16 poisoned
* 1850 - Brodribb River - 15-20 killed

In 1846 Gippsland squatter Henry Meyrick wrote in a letter home to his relatives in England:

::"The blacks are very quiet here now, poor wretches. No wild beast of the forest was ever hunted down with such unsparing perseverance as they are. Men, women and children are shot whenever they can be met with … I have protested against it at every station I have been in Gippsland, in the strongest language, but these things are kept very secret as the penalty would certainly be hanging … For myself, if I caught a black actually killing my sheep, I would shoot him with as little remorse as I would a wild dog, but no consideration on earth would induce me to ride into a camp and fire on them indiscriminately, as is the custom whenever the smoke is seen. They [the Aborigines] will very shortly be extinct. It is impossible to say how many have been shot, but I am convinced that not less than 500 have been murdered altogether." [ [http://www.quadrant.org.au/php/article_view.php?article_id=963 Gippsland Settlers and the Kurnai Dead - Patrick Morgan - Quadrant Magazine ] ]

In 1863 Rev Friedrich Hagenauer established Rahahyuck Mission on the banks of the Avon River near Lake Wellington to house the Gunai survivors from west and central Gippsland. The mission sought to discourage all tribal ritual and culture. The Mission closed in 1908 and the few remaining residents were moved to Lake Tyers.

ee also

*Alfred Howitt
*Gippsland massacres
*Warrigal Creek
*White woman of Gippsland

Notes

References

*"Gippsland Massacres: The Destruction of the Kurnai tribes 1800-1860" by P.D. Gardiner, 2001, Ngarak Press, ISBN 1-875254-11-0
*"Our Founding Murdering Father: Angus McMillan and the Kurnai tribe" by P.D. Gardiner, 1990, Ngarak Press, ISBN 1-875254-01-3
*"Through Foreign Eyes: European perceptions of the Kurnai Tribes of Gippsland" by P.D. Gardiner, 1994, Ngarak Press, ISBN 1-875254-13-7
*"The language of the Kurnai Tribes of Gippsland" by P.D. Gardiner, 1996, Ngarak Press, ISBN 1-875254-19-6

External links

* [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~kurnai/aboutus.htm Djeetgun Kurnai Women's Aboriginal Corporation]
* [http://www.gippslandinfo.com.au/Aboriginal/ Bataluk Cultural trail]
* [http://www.chaosfilter.com/wurruk/index.htm 'Wurruk: Earth-Story', A literary dreaming/self-portrait written partly in Kurnai - Gunai]