Koorde

In Peer-to-peer networks, Koorde is a Distributed hash table (DHT) based on Chord (DHT) and the De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence). Inheriting the simplicity of Chord, Koorde meets O(log n) hops per node (where n is the number of nodes in the DHT), and O(log n/ log log n) hops per lookup request with O(log n) neighbors per node.

Chord (DHT)'s concept is based on a wide range of ID (i.e. 2^160) in a structure of a ring where ID can stand for both node and data. Node-successor is responsible for the whole range of IDs between itself and its predecessor.

De Bruijn's graphs

Koorde is based on Chord but also on De Bruijn graph (De Bruijn sequence).In a d-dimensional de Bruijn graph, there are 2d nodes, each of which has a unique d-bit ID. The node with ID i is connected to nodes 2i and 2i+1 modulo 2d. Thanks to that routing algorithm can route to any destination in d hops by successively „shifting in” the bits of the destination ID.

Routing a message from node m to node k is accomplished by taking the number m and shifting in the bits of k one at a time until the number has been replaced by k. Each shift corresponds to a routing hop to the next intermediate address; the hop is valid because each node's neighbors are the two possible outcomes of shifting a 0 or 1 onto its own address. Because of the structure of de Bruijn graphs, when the last bit of k has been shifted, the query will be at node k. Node k responds whether key k exists.

Routing example

For example, when a message needs to be routed from node “2” (which is “010”) to “6” (which is “110”), the steps are following:

Step 1)Node #2 routes the message to Node #5 (using its connection to 2i+1 mod8), shifts the bits left and puts “1” as the youngest bit (right side).

Step 2)Node #5 routes the message to Node #3 (using its connection to 2i+1 mod8), shifts the bits left and puts “1” as the youngest bit (right side).

Step 3)Node #3 routes the message to Node #6 (using its connection to 2i mod8), shifts the bits left and puts “0” as the youngest bit (right side).

Non-Constant Degree Koorde

The d-dimensional de Bruijn can be generalized to base k, in which case node i is connected to nodes k * i + j modulo kd, 0 ≤ j < k. The diameter is reduced to Θ(logk n). Koorde node i maintains pointers to k consecutive nodes beginning at the predecessor of k * i modulo kd. Each de Bruijn routing step can be emulated with an expected constant number of messages, so routing uses O(logk n) expected hops- For k = Θ(log n), we get Θ(log n) degree and Θ(log n/ log log n) diameter.

References / External links / Sources

*"Internet Algorithms" by Greg Plaxton, Fall 2003: [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/plaxton/c/395t/slides/DynamicTopologies-2.pdf]

*"Koorde: A simple degree-optimal distributed hash table" by M. Frans Kaashoek and David R. Karger: [http://iptps03.cs.berkeley.edu/final-papers/koorde.ps]

*Chord and Koorde descriptions: [http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~scheideler/courses/600.348_F03/lecture_10.pdf]