Exodus of 1879

Exodus of 1879

The Exodus of 1879 (also known as the Kansas Exodus and the Exoduster Movement) refers to the mass movement of African Americans from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, [cite book |last=Van Deusen |first=John G. |authorlink=John G. Van Deusen |title=The Journal of Negro History |publisher=Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc. |year=1936 |pages=111 |isbn=] and was the first general migration of blacks following the Civil War. [cite book |last=Johnson |first=Daniel Milo |authorlink=Daniel Milo Johnson |title=Black Migration in America: A Social Demographic History |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1981 |pages=51 |isbn=082230449X] One of the most important figures of the Exodus was Benjamin "Pap" Singleton. [Citation |last= |first= |title=Benjamin "Pap" Singleton |url=http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/singleton.htm |accessdate=2007-10-19] To escape the Ku Klux Klan, the White League and the Jim Crow laws which continued to make them second-class citizens after Reconstruction,cite book |last=Gates |first=Henry Louis |authorlink=Henry Louis Gates |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Basic Civitas Books |year=1999 |pages=722 |isbn=0465000711] as many as forty thousand Exodusters left the South to settle in Kansas, Oklahoma and Colorado.Citation |last= |first= |title=Slavery in America Encyclopedia |url=http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/scripts/sia/glossary.cgi?term=k&letter=yes |accessdate=2007-10-19] In the 1880s, blacks bought more than convert|20000|acre|km2 of land in Kansas, and several of the settlements made during this time (Nicodemus, Kansas, which was founded in 1877) still exists today. This sudden wave of migration came as a great surprise to many white Americans, who did not realize that black southerners were free in name only. [cite book |last=Calhoun |first=Charles William |authorlink=Charles William Calhoun |title=The Human Tradition in America: 1865 to the Present |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2003 |pages=13 |isbn=0842051295] Many blacks left the South with the belief that they were receiving free passage to Kansas, only to be stranded in St. Louis, Missouri. Black churches in St. Louis, together with Eastern philanthropists, formed the Colored Relief Board and the Kansas Freedmen's Aid Society to help those stranded in St. Louis to reach Kansas.

The Kansas Fever Exodus refers specifically to six thousand blacks who moved from Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas to Kansas. [cite book |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter |title=Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=1992 |pages=184 |isbn=0393009513] Many in Louisiana were inspired to leave the state when the 1879 Louisiana Constitutional Convention decided that voting rights were a matter for the state, not federal, government, thereby clearing the way for the disenfranchisement of Louisiana's black population.

The Exodus was not universally praised by African Americans; indeed, Frederick Douglass was a critic of the movement. [cite book |last=Romero |first=Patricia W. |authorlink=Patricia W. Romero |title= I Too Am America: Documents from 1619 to the Present |publisher=Publishers Agency |year=1968 |pages=150 |isbn=0877812063] It wasn't that Douglass disagreed with the Exodusters in principle, but he felt that the movement was ill-timed and poorly organized. [cite book |last=Sernett |first=Milton C. |authorlink=Milton C. Sernett |title=Bound for the Promised Land: African American Religion and the Great Migration |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1997 |pages=14 |isbn=0822319934]

ee also

*Great Migration (African American)

References

Further reading

* Athearn, Robert G. "Black Exodus: The Migration of 1879." "The Prairie Scout" 3 (1975): 86-97.

* Jack, Bryan M. [http://press.umsystem.edu/fall2007/jack.htm "The St. Louis African American Community and the Exodusters."] Columbia and London: The University of Missouri Press, 2008.

* Schwendemann, Glen. "Nicodemus: Negro Haven on the Solomon." "Kansas Historical Quarterly" 34 (spring 1968): 10-31.

* Schwendemann, Glen. "St. Louis and the 'Exodusters' of 1879." "Journal of Negro History" 46 (January 1961): 32-46.

* Schwendemann, Glen. [http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1960/60_3_schwendemann.htm "Wyandotte and the First 'Exodusters' of 1879."] "Kansas Historical Quarterly" 26 (autumn 1960): 233-249.

* Strickland, Arvarh E. "Toward the Promised Land: The Exodus to Kansas and Afterward." "Missouri Historical Review" 69 (July 1975): 376-412.

* Van Deusen, John G. "The Exodusters of 1879." "Journal of Negro History" 21 (April 1936): 111-129.

* Williams, Nudie E. "Black Newspapers and the Exodusters of 1879." "Kansas History" 8 (winter 1985/86): 217-225.

Exodusters in fiction

* Gabriel's Story, by David Anthony Durham.

External links

* [http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/escaping.htm Escaping Jim Crow]
* [http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1134.htm Frederick Douglass and Richard T. Greener on the Exodus]
* [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/seven/theexodust.htm (PBS "The West" "Exodusters")]
* [http://www.kshs.org/cool3/exoduster.htm (Kansas State Historical Society, Exoduster Flier)]
* Campney, Brent M. S. [http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2007/campney/1a.htm This is Not Dixie] "Southern Spaces" 6 September 2007


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