- Fastest propeller-driven aircraft
A number of aircraft have claimed to be the fastest propeller-driven aircraft. This article presents the current record holders for several sub-classes of propeller-driven aircracft that hold recognized, documented speed records.
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) records are the basis for this article. Other contenders and their claims are discussed, but only those made under controlled conditions and measured by outside observers. Pilots duringWWII sometimes claimed to have reachedsupersonic speeds in propeller-driven fighters during emergency dives (seeHans Guido Mutke for example), but these speeds are not included as accepted records.Propeller versus jet propulsion
Aircraft that use
propeller s as their prime propulsion device constitute a historically important subset of aircraft, despite limitations inherent in their speed. Aircraft powered by piston engines get all of their thrust from the propeller driven by the engine. All aircraft prior toWorld War II (except for a tiny number of early Jet aircraft and Rocket airplanes) used piston engines to drive propellers, so allFlight airspeed record s prior to 1944 were necessarily set by propeller-driven aircraft. Rapid advances injet engine technology during World War II meant that no propeller-driven aircraft would ever again hold an absolute air speed record. Shock wave formation in propeller-driven aircraft at speeds near sonic conditions, impose limits not encountered in jet aircraft.Jet engines, particularly
turbojets , are a type ofgas turbine configured such that most of the work available results from the thrust of the hot exhaust gases. High bypass turbofans that are used in all modern commercialjetliners , and most modern military aircraft, get most of their thrust from the internal fan which is powered by a gas turbine in much the same way as a turboprop. Gas turbines can be configured such that most of the work is available from the rotating engine shaft. Coupling such a gas turbine with a propeller gives aturboprop engine. The hot exhaust gas from a turboprop engine can give a small amount of thrust, but the propeller is the main source of thrust.Turboprops
The
Tupolev Tu-114 , a large aircraft with four turboprop engines, has a maximum speed of 870 km/h (Mach 0.73, 541 mph). [ [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/jetliner/tu114/ Tu_114 data from Aerospaceweb] Access date:5 September 2007 ] The 11,000 kW (14,800 shp)Kuznetsov NK-12 turboprop engines designed for theTu-95 (and used to power the derivative Tu-114) are the most powerful turboprops ever built and drive largecontra-rotating propellers . This engine-propellor combination gives the Tu-114 the official distinction of being the fastest propeller-driven plane in the world, a record it has held since 1960. [http://records.fai.org/general_aviation/current.asp?id1=21&id2=3 FAI official database] Access date:5 September 2007 ] [ [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/performance/q0023.shtml Aircraft Speed Records from Aerospaceweb] Access date:5 September 2007 ]Probably the fastest aircraft ever fitted with an operating propeller was the experimental McDonnell XF-88B, which was made by installing a Allison T38
turboshaft engine in the nose of a pure jet-poweredXF-88 Voodoo . This unusual aircraft was intended to explore the use of high-speed propellers and achieved supersonic speeds. [ [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-445/ch4-8.htm NASA History pages] Access date:4 September 2007 ] This aircraft is not considered to be propeller-driven since most of the thrust was provided by two jet engines.An oft-cited contender for the fastest propeller-driven aircraft is theXF-84H Thunderscreech . This aircraft is named inGuinness World Records , 1997, as the fastest in this category with a speed of 1002 km/h (623 mph, Mach 0.83).Young, Mark C., ed."The Guinness Book of Records 1997". North Sakem, New York: Mint Publishers Group, 1997, p. 137. ISBN 0-85112-014-8.] While it may have been "designed" as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft, this goal was not realized due to its inherent instability. [ Hendrix 1977, p. 408. Quote: The XF-84H never achieved its designer's dreams of being the first propeller-driven aircraft to attain supersonic flight. In fact, it never flew over 450 kt indicated, since at that speed, it developed an unhappy practice of 'snaking', apparently losing longitudinal stability. "NOTE: 450 kt=518 mph"] This record speed is also inconsistent with data from theNational Museum of the United States Air Force , which gives a top speed of 837 km/h (520 mph, Mach 0.70). [http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=588 XF-84H Fact sheet] ]Piston engines
The more "traditional" class of propeller-driven aircraft are those powered by piston engines, which includes nearly all aircraft from the Wright brothers up through World War II. Today, piston engines are used almost exclusively on light, general aviation aircraft. The record for the fastest single-engined piston plane is held by a modified Grumman
F8F Bearcat , with a speed of 850.24 km/h (528.33 mph) on21 August 1989 at Las Vegas,Nevada , United States of America. [ [http://www.RareBear.com www.RareBear.com "Rare Bear" web site] Access date:13 November 2007 ] [ [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/performance/q0023.shtml www.AeroSpaceWeb.org Aircraft speed records] Access date:13 November 2007 ]The FAI record for the fastest piston-powered aircraft, over a long distance (1000 km (621 miles)) is 660.53 km/h (410.43 mph) set on
20 June 1946 by aBoeing B-29 Superfortress of theUnited States Army Air Forces . [ [http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/gallery/hist059b.htm Official FAI database] Access date:5 September 2007 ] Higher speed records may exist for other aircraft but are unofficial and not measured by FAI.Other claimants
The first propeller-driven aircraft to set a speed record was the 1903
Wright Flyer which managed a pedestrian 48 km/h (30 mph ) during its first flight. TheBleriot Model XI reached 75 km/h (47 mph) in 1909. The limits of technology during the early years of flight led to a threshold of approximately 320 km/h (200 mph) for the fabric-covered biplanes of the World War I era and shortly after. In 1925, US Army Lt. Cyrus Bettis flying aCurtiss R3C won the Pulitzer Trophy Race with a speed of 400.6 km/h (248.9 mph). [ Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 243.]As aircraft designers adopted all-metal
monoplanes in the 1930s, speeds jumped into the 700 km/h (400 mph) range with theMacchi M.C.72 reaching a top speed of 709 km/h (440 mph ). [ Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 245.] The Messerschmitt Me 209 V1 set a new world speed record of almost 756 km/h (470 mph) on26 April 1939 and the Republic XP-47J (a variant of theP-47 Thunderbolt ) reached 813 km/h (505 mph) in testing. The record-shattering flight, onOctober 2 ,1941 , of one of theMesserschmitt Me 163 rocket fighter prototypes that reached a top speed of 624 mph [1004 km/h] , as well as development of jet-powered fighters by both the Allies, and Axis powers, duringWorld War II , ensured that all new absolute air speed records would be held by jet or rocket-powered aircraft.During the 1950s, two unorthodox
United States Navy fighter prototypes married turboprop engines with a "tailsitting design", the Convair XFY "Pogo" and the Lockheed XFV "Salmon". Maximum speeds of 980 km/h (610 mph, 530 knots, Mach 0.82) at 4,600 m (15,000 ft ) and 930 km/h (580 mph, Mach 0.78) respectively have been quoted. These speeds seem unlikely given that the Lockheed XFV was fitted with a less powerful engine than it was designed for and had makeshift unretractable landing gear for horizontal take-off and landing [ [http://www.sun-n-fun.org/content/interior.asp?section=museum&body=planes/ Lockheed Data for Lockheed FXV] Access date:19 September 2007 ] and the Convair XFY had a makeshift landing gear to support it in a vertical position and it was usually flown with the cockpit open in case the pilot needed to escape, since the ejection seat was thought to be unreliable. [ [http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/convair_pogo.htm Data for Convair XFY from National Air and Space Museum] Access date:19 September 2007 ]ee also
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List of vehicle speed records References
Notes
Bibliography
* Gross, Nigel, Peacock, Anthony, Raymond, Kevin, Scott, Tim, Sutherland, Jon and von Wegner, Alexander. "Speed and Power: 100 Years of Change". North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Whitecap Books, 1998. ISBN 1-5510-732-5.
* Hendrix, Lin. "Thunderscreech." "Aeroplane Monthly" Vol. 5, issue 8, August 1977
* Taylor, John W.R. and Munson, Kenneth. "History of Aviation". London: Octopus Books, 1973. ISBN 0-7064-0241-3.
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