Aronszajn tree

In set theory, an Aronszajn tree is an uncountable tree with no uncountable branches and no uncountable levels. For example, every Suslin tree is an Aronszajn tree. More generally, for a cardinal κ, a κ-Aronszajn tree is a tree of height κ such that all levels have size less than κ and all branches have height less than κ (so Aronszajn trees are the same as ℵ₁-Aronszajn trees).

A cardinal κ for which no κ-Aronszajn trees exist is said to have the tree property.(Sometimes the condition that κ is regular and uncountable is included.)

Existence of κ-Aronszajn trees

König's lemma states that ℵ₀-Aronszajn trees do not exist.

The existence of Aronszajn trees (=ℵ₁-Aronszajn trees) was proven by Nachman Aronszajn, and implies that the analogue of König's lemma does not hold for uncountable trees.

The existence of ℵ₂-Aronszajn trees is undecidable (assuming a certain large cardinal axiom): more precisely, the continuum hypothesis implies the existence of an ℵ₂-Aronszajn tree, and Mitchell showed that it is consistent (relative to the existence of a weakly compact cardinal) that no ℵ₂-Aronszajn trees exist.

Jensen proved that V=L implies that there is a κ-Aronszajn tree (in fact a κ-Suslin tree) for every infinite successor cardinal κ.

harvtxt|Cummings|Foreman|1998 showed (using a large cardinal axiom) that it is consistent that no ℵ_"n"-Aronszajn trees exist for any finite "n" other than 1.

If κ is weakly compact then no κ-Aronszajn trees exist. Conversely if κ is inaccessible and no κ-Aronszajn trees exist then κ is weakly compact.

pecial Aronszajn trees

An Aronszajn tree is called special if there is a function "f" from the tree to the rationals so that"f"("x")<"f"("y") whenever "x"<"y". Martin's axiom MA(&alefsym;₁) implies that all Aronszajn trees are special. The stronger proper forcing axiom implies the stronger statement that for any two Aronszajn trees there is a club set of levels such that the restrictions of the trees to this set of levels are isomorphic, which says that in some sense any two Aronszajn trees are essentially isomorphic. On the other hand, it is consistent that non-special Aronszajn trees exist, and this is also consistent with the generalized continuum hypothesis and with the Suslin hypothesis harv|Schlindwein|1994.

External links

* [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/KappaAronszajnTree.html PlanetMath]

References

*citation|id=MR|1492784
last=Cummings|first= James|last2= Foreman|first2= Matthew
title=The tree property
journal=Adv. Math. |volume=133 |year=1998|issue= 1|pages= 1-32
*citation|first=Chaz |last=Schlindwein
title=Consistency of Suslin's Hypothesis, A Nonspecial Aronszajn Tree, and GCH
journal= The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 59|issue= 1|year= 1994|pages= 1-29
url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4812%28199403%2959%3A1%3C1%3ACOSHAN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3
*springer|id=A/a110690|first=Ch.|last= Schlindwein