Novgorod veche

Novgorod veche
Removal of the veche bell from Novgorod to Moscow in 1478.

According to the traditional scholarship, the veche (Russian: вече) was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the Republic of Novgorod until 1478, when Novgorod the Great was brought under the direct control of Grand Prince Ivan III (1462-1505).

The origin of the veche is obscure; it is thought to have originated in tribal assemblies in the region, thus predating the Rus' state. After the Novgorod Revolution of 1136 that ousted the ruling prince, the veche became the supreme state authority, although princely power was relatively limited in Novgorod from the start since no hereditary dynasty had been established there.

The traditional scholarship lists among the powers of the veche the election of the town officials such as the posadnik, tysyatsky, and even the archbishop (he was then sent to the metropolitan for consecration); it also invited in and dismissed the princes. While it is certainly true that the local officials were elected and some princes elected and dismissed, the sources are rather vague on precisely who was behind some of this, saying merely "they called in..." or "they gave the posadnikship to..." and the like.

The traditional scholarship goes on to argue that a series of reforms in 1410 transformed the veche into something similar to the public assembly of Venice; it became the Commons or lower chamber of the parliament. Аn upper Senate-like Council of Lords (sovet gospod) was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates (posadniks and tysyatskys). Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called vechniks.

Conflicting interpretations

Some of the more recent scholars call this interpretation into question. The difficulty in understanding the veche is that the term was used to mean any sort of assemblage of people, from a formal legislature or judicial entity to a mob or riot. Valentin Yanin's scholarship calls into question the democratic nature of the veche; he argues that the boyars ran the city and the veche was a "sham democracy" that allowed the common people a sense that they were participating in decision-making when decisions had, in fact, already been decided by the Council of Lords made up of the boyars and the archbishop.[1]

Add to this the fact that Novgorod had a series of judicial entities: the prince's court, the archbishop's court, and the tysyatsky's court, and it is difficult to say where the veche fit in as a judicial body. Several "executions" in the veche seem to be the result of mob violence rather than the carrying out of judicial sentences. Jonas Granberg has called into question the very existence of the Council of Lords (sovet gospod), saying it is an interpolation or interpretation of modern historians of very scanty evidence.[2] Michael C. Paul has argued that the veche, at least in the thirteenth century, was used as a consensus-building tool rather than becoming a formally-institutionalized parliament.[3]

Procedure

The Novgorod assembly could be presumably summoned by anyone who rung the veche bell, although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence and for this reason, Ivan III carted it off to Moscow when he took control of the city, to show that the old way of doing things was at an end. The whole population of the city - boyars, merchants, and common citizens - then gathered at Yaroslav's Court or in front of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (the latter called a Vladychnoe veche - "An Archbishop's Veche," since it was called in front of the cathedral). Separate assemblies could be held in the boroughs or "Ends" of Novgorod.

References

  1. ^ Valentin Ianin, Novgorodskie Posadniki (Moscow: Moscow State University, 1962; second edition Moscow: Yazyki Russkoi Kultury, 2003); Idem, "The Archaeology of Novgorod," Scientific American 262, No. 2(Feb. 1990), 72-84.
  2. ^ Jonas Granberg, “The Sovet Gospod of Novgorod, in Russian and German Sources,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 47 (1998): 396-401
  3. ^ Michael C. Paul, "The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche," Russian History (2004).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Novgorod Republic — Новгородская республика Novgorodskaya Zemlja ← …   Wikipedia

  • Veche — de Pskov, de Víktor Vasnetsov. Veche (ruso: вече, polaco: wiec, ucraniano: віче) fue una asamblea popular de los pueblos eslavos de la época medieval, a menudo comparado con los parlamentos. La veche también puede ser comparada con la ekklesía de …   Wikipedia Español

  • Veche — (Russian: вече, Polish: wiec, Ukrainian: віче) was a popular assembly in medieval Slavic countries, and in late medieval period, often compared to a parliament.The word veche/wiec is derived from a Proto Slavic root * vēt , meaning council or… …   Wikipedia

  • Nóvgorod — Великий Новгород Veliki Nóvgorod Bandera …   Wikipedia Español

  • veche — ▪ medieval Russian assembly       popular assembly that was a characteristic institution in Russia from the 10th to the 15th century. The veche probably originated as a deliberative body among early Slavic tribes. As the tribes settled in… …   Universalium

  • Novgorod — /nov geuh rod /; Russ. /nawv geuh rddeuht/, n. a city in the Russian Federation in Europe, SE of St. Petersburg: a former capital of Russia. 228,000. * * * City (pop., 1999 est.: 231,700), northwestern Russia. Located on the Volkhov River north… …   Universalium

  • Novgorod — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Novgorod (homonymie). Veliki Novgorod Великий Новгород …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Novgorod Judicial Charter — The Novgorod Judicial Charter (Russian: Новгородская судная грамота) was the legal code of the Novgorod Republic, issued in 1440, although the current version was supplemented in 1471 under the auspices of Grand Prince Ivan III (r, 1462 1505),… …   Wikipedia

  • Veche — Le Veche de Pskov de Viktor Vasnetsov. Le Veche (russe : вече, polonais : wiec, ukrainien : віче, biélorusse  …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Novgorod Army Operational Group — The Novgorod Army Operational Group ( ru. Новгородская операционная армейская группа) was an operational manoeuvre group created on the 13 August 1939 in the Leningrad Military District by the order of People ss Committee for Defence Chairman,… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”