Massachusetts State Navy

American Revolutionary War

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The Massachusetts State Navy (at first called the Massachusetts Colonial Navy), a naval militia active during the American Revolutionary War was founded December 29, 1775, to defend the interests of Massachusetts from British forces.

The flotilla utilized 25 vessels over the course of the war, acting in various roles such as prison ships, dispatch vessels, and combat cruisers. Its most infamous engagement was the 1779 Penobscot Expedition, in which not only all of its vessels were destroyed, but also those of privateers hired to assist in the expedition.

Authorization

Following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, which effectively controlled the Province of Massachusetts Bay, began discussing the need for naval defenses against raids and punitive actions by the British Royal Navy against coastal communities in the province.^[1] A committee set up for the purpose on June 7 submitted a report on June 12 recommending the outfitting of at least six vessels, mounting up to fourteen guns, that would be managed by the province's Committee of Safety. Further discussion was apparently delayed by the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, and was not taken up again until August. In the interim, the Provincial Congress was replaced by the Massachusetts Great and General Court as the province's legislative body, with a council acting as the executive.^[2] It received a petition in August from the town of Machias in the District of Maine (now the state of Maine) for protection and relief following the June Battle of Machias, in which a British sloop-of-war was seized, and the capture in July of two more British ships. The legislature responded by officially adopting Machias Liberty and Diligence, appointing Jeremiah O'Brien their commander, with authorization to hire up to thirty seamen. These two ships served the state until October 1776.^[3]

On November 1, the Massachusetts legislature enacted a law authorizing the issuance of letters of marque, as well as the creation of admiralty courts for judging naval disputes and the disposition of captured prize ships and cargo.^[4] On February 7, 1776, it enacted a law authorizing the construction of ten sloops, to carry fourteen to sixteen guns each, and approved £10,000 for their construction.^[5]

Ships, 1776 to 1779

The first ships constructed were the sloop Tyrannicide and the brigantines Rising Empire and Independence, which were ready to sail in June 1776. These were followed by the sloops Republic, Freedom, and Massachusetts in September. While they were being built, additional legislation was enacted, establishing pay scales and rules for prize distribution, and in October a Board of War was created to oversee naval activities (military as well as economic) of the state.^[5]

Naval and maritime flag of Massachusetts

Over the course of the war, several additional ships were either purchased or constructed by the state. In 1777, the brigantine Hazard was built, and in 1778 a plan to construct two larger ships was entertained and eventually abandoned due to the cost. The brigantine Active, a prize taken by Hazard, was purchased in 1779.^[6] In April 1778, construction was authorized on the largest ship in the state navy. The Protector, a 28-gun frigate and a crew complement of 200, was launched in the fall of 1779. Unfortunately, due to the disaster of the Penobscot Expedition, it was then the only ship in the state navy.

New Constitution

Administration of the navy was changed with the adoption in 1780 of a new state constitution. The governor was responsible for issuing commissions and orders, and the Agent of the Commonwealth was responsible for outfitting the state's ships, and the Board of War ceased to exist.^[7]

Ships, 1780 to 1783

The state continued to authorize new ships for the navy. In the spring of 1780 the Mars was purchased, and the Defence was purchased in 1781. During the following winter and spring, the Tartar and Winthrop, the last ship commissioned into the navy, were constructed for the state.^[8]

Privateering and prizes

The state issued nearly 1,000 letters of marque authorizing privateering activities.^[9] The Massachusetts prize courts were busiest in 1779, when more than 180 prizes were adjudicated. This activity resulted in a demand for prison capacity for the captured crews, and the competition between the state navy and the privateers resulted in increased costs to the state to man its ships.

Naval activities

While the state's ships were most often patrolling in nearby waters, they ranged as far as the European coast, where prizes were sometimes taken (although those were also often recovered by the British). Its ships sometimes worked in concert with privateers, Continental Navy vessels, and French vessels.^[10]

On 25 November 1776, Fort Cumberland where 14 of her guns were transferred to the fort's defenses.

Still, most of the Massachusetts navy's engagements were minor, involving only a small number of ships, and little or no combat. The most notable exception was the Penobscot Expedition, organized by the state in response to a British expedition that established a fortified base on the eastern shore of Penobscot Bay.^[12] The naval component of the state's response included three ships of the state navy, one from the New Hampshire State Navy, three Continental Navy vessels, and numerous private vessels, including transports for the 1,000 militia that were sent to dislodge the British. The operation was a fiasco. The Continental Navy's Commodore Dudley Saltonstall, who commanded the fleet, disagreed with Solomon Lovell, the militia commander, over the overall command of the expedition. When a British fleet arrived, Saltonstall's fleet disintegrated. Ships surrendered, grounded and burned, or were abandoned after fleeing up the Penobscot River. The expedition has been called the worst United States naval defeat prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in World War II. Inquiries into the matter faulted Saltonstall for his actions; he was dismissed from the navy. In late 1782 Captain George Little sailed Winthrop to the British site, and captured three ships, including a 16-gun privateer that was within range of the guns of Fort George.

The navy continued in operations until June 4, 1783, when the Winthrop, the last ship owned by the state, was sold.^[13]

Captains

The list of names is from Paullin^[14] unless otherwise cited; other fields are from other sources.

Captain	Years of service	Ships
Jeremiah O'Brien		Machias Liberty, Diligence
John Lambert
John Fisk		Tyrannicide, Massachusetts[15]
John Foster Williams		Massachusetts, Republic, Hazard, Protector[16]
John Clouston
Jonathan Haraden		Tyrannicide[15]
Daniel Souther
Simeon Samson		Independence, Hazard, and Mars
Richard Welden
Allen Hallet		Tyrannicide, Republic, Active, Tartar[17]
James Nevens
John Cathcart		Tyrannicide[15]
George Little		Winthrop

Ships

The list of names, ship type, and years of service are from Paullin^[14] unless otherwise cited; other fields are from other sources.

Ship	Type (guns)	Years of service	Captains
Machias Liberty	sloop (10–20)	1775–1776	O'Brien
Diligent	schooner (10–20)	1775–1776	O'Brien
Tyrannicide	brigantine (at first a sloop) (14)	1776–1779	Fisk, Haraden, Hallet, Cathcart[15]
Rising Empire	brigantine (10–20)	1776–1777
Independence	brigantine (14 x 6-pounder guns, 10 x 4-pounder guns, 10 swivel guns, + 2 x coehorns)[11]	1776	Simeon Sampson,[18] or Samson
Republic	sloop (10–20)	1776–1777	Williams[16], Hallet[17]
Freedom	sloop (10–20)	1776–1777
Massachusetts	brigantine (10–20)	1776–1778	Williams[16]
Hazard	brigantine (10–20)	1777–1779	Williams[16]
Active	brigantine (10–20)	1779	Hallet[17]
Lincoln	galley	1779–1781
Protector	frigate (26)	1779–1781	Williams[16]
Mars	ship (10–20)	1780–1781
Defence	sloop (10–20)	1781
Tartar	ship (10–20)	1782–1783	Hallet[17]
Winthrop	sloop (10–20)	1782–1783	Little

Notes

1. ^ Paullin, p. 318
2. ^ Paullin, p. 319
3. ^ Paullin, p. 320
4. ^ Paullin, pp. 321-322
5. ^ ^{a b} Paullin, p. 325
6. ^ Paullin, p. 335
7. ^ Paullin, pp. 337-8
8. ^ Paullin, pp. 338-9
9. ^ Paullin, p. 340
10. ^ Paullin, p. 344
11. ^ ^{a b} Clarke (1999), pp. 175-8.
12. ^ For a detailed exposition of this expedition, see Buker.
13. ^ Paullin, pp. 353
14. ^ ^{a b} Paullin, p. 342
15. ^ ^{a b c d} Gardner, Frank A. The Massachusetts Magazine, Department of the American Revolution volume 1 pp.103-107
16. ^ ^{a b c d e} Waters, p. 169
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Waters, p. 170
18. ^ Allen (1913), p.113.

References

• Allen, Gardner Weld (1913) A naval history of the American Revolution. Vol. 1. (Houghton Mifflin Company).
• Buker, George E (2002). The Penobscot Expedition: Commodore Saltonstall and the Massachusetts Conspiracy of 1779. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-212-9. OCLC 47869426. 
• Clarke, Ernest (1999) The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776: An Episode in the American Revolution. (McGill-Queen's Press). ISBN 9780773518674
• Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements. The Burrows Brothers Co. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ws5EAAAAIAAJ&dq=inauthor%3Apaullin%20massachusetts%20navy&lr=&pg=PA315#v=onepage&q=inauthor:paullin%20massachusetts%20navy&f=false.  This work contains summary information on each of the various state navies.
• Waters, Franklin et al (eds) (1909). The Massachusetts magazine: devoted to Massachusetts history, genealogy, biography, Volume 2. http://books.google.com/books?id=gYQ-AAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Allen%20Hallet%22%20captain%20massachusetts&lr=&pg=PA169#v=onepage&q=%22Allen%20Hallet%22%20captain%20massachusetts&f=false.  This work contains a summary of the Republic's history, and its captains.

External links

• The Colonial Navy of Massachusetts