Fulco (Bishop of Estonia)

Fulco (Bishop of Estonia)

Fulco was the first known missionary Bishop of Estonia. He was appointed in 1165 by Eskil, the Danish Archbishop of Lund. Before his appointment, Fulco was a Benedictine monk in the abbey of Moutier-la-Celle, near Troyes in France. His nationality is not known.

After his appointment, Fulco appears in sources only once. In 1171, Pope Alexander III asked the Archbishop of Trondheim to assign an Estonian monk Nicolaus living in Stavanger to go to Fulco's assistance. No further information survives about Fulco's work in Estonia, or whether he ever even got there. [For information on Fulco, see Rebane 2001. Peep Peeter Rebane, "From Fulco to Theoderic: The Changing Face of Livonian Mission" - Andres Andresen (ed.), Muinasaja loojangust omariikluse lävele: Pühendusteos Sulev Vahtre 75. sünnipäevaks. Tartu: Kleio, pages 37-68. See also Rebane 1989. Peep Peeter Rebane, "Denmark, the Papacy and the Christianization of Estonia" - Michele Maccarrone (ed.), Gli Inizi del Cristianesimo in Livonia-Lettonia: Atti del Colloque internazionale di storia ecclesiastica in occasione dell'VIII centenario della Chiesa in Livonia (1186-1986), Roma 24-25 giugno 1986. Città del Vativaco, pages 171-200.]

Identification with Folquinus

Fulco is sometimes speculated to be the same person as a certain "Folquinus", [Juva, Einar W. (1964), Suomen kansan historia I. Esihistoria ja keskiaika, Otava. Page 125.] a late 12th century Bishop of Finland, briefly mentioned in a mid-15th century chronicle "Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium" after equally legendary Rodulff and before quite historical Thomas. [" [http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Sweden/Abo/abo.html Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium] " by an unknown writer. Part of the Palmsköld collection. In Latin.] The chronicle claimed him to be Swedish by birth. Folquinus was again mentioned in another chronicle of the same name by Paulus Juusten, the Bishop of Turku, about 100 years later, adding that during a Russian attack to Finland in 1198 [Note that according to the Russian chronicles Finland was attacked already in 1191.] he was still in office. [The chronicle has been published in Finnish, see e.g. "Suomen piispainkronikka". Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seuran toimituksia 476. Pieksämäki 1988.]

The name "Fulco" appears in unrelated Scandinavian sources as the latinized form of "Folke". [For example, for the Archbishop of Uppsala Folke Johansson Ängel ("Fulco Angelus"), 1267-77.] Also Folquinus is known to have stood for Folke in various medieval texts, [ [http://www2.sofi.se/smp/pdf/folkvin.pdf Different variants of the name Folquinus] . See also [http://www2.sofi.se/smp/pdf/folke.pdf different variants of Folke] . Hosted by the [http://www.sofi.se Swedish Institute for Language and Folklore] .] as the Latin suffix "-inus" (meaning "pertaining to") in the name just emphasizes its first part. As the two bishops had similar names and they worked roughly around the same time in neighboring areas under Lund's missionary supervision, [Archbishop of Lund had been at least formally responsible for all the missionary activities in northern Europe since 1104.] possibility for the identification remains, although the church in Finland is officially sceptical about it. [ [http://www.arkkihiippakunta.fi/cgi-bin/linnea.pl?document=00010751 Brief biography of Folquinus] by the Archdiocese of Turku. In Finnish.]

Noteworthy is that while organizing assistance to the Estonian mission, Pope Alexander III was also closely following the situation in Finland, something that no previous Pope is known to have done. Eskil and Stefan, the Archbishop of Uppsala, who had also been appointed to his high office by Eskil in 1164, were both close acquaintances with the Pope, having met in France while the Pope had been exiled there in the 1160s. In Pope's letter to Stefan in 1171 (or 1172), he complains how Finns only turned to God at the time of war, harassing preachers as soon as the peril was over. [ [http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=24 Leter by Pope Alexander III to the Archbishop of Uppsala] . In Latin. Hosted by the [http://www.narc.fi National Archive of Finland] . See [http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/] and "Diplomatarium Fennicum" from the menu.] No Diocese or Bishop of Finland is mentioned in the papal letter, and no information survives, whether it prompted any actions. In the apparent shortage of missionaries, it can be speculated that the frustrated Pope may have organized Fulco to deal with the Finns as soon as his assistant Nicolaus could have taken over the missionary work in Estonia.

If information about Folquinus still being in office in 1198 is correct, his identification with Fulco would require him to have worked in missionary assignments for more than 30 years, in any case reaching a rather high age for a man of his times. In a letter by Pope Innocent III to Anders Sunesen, the Archbishop of Lund, in 1209, [ [http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=48 Letter by Pope Innocent III to the Archbishop of Lund] . In Latin.] an unnamed Bishop of Finland is mentioned to have died "lawfully" (ie, a natural death) sometime earlier. By repeating Archbishop's own words, the letter makes it clear that the dead bishop had been appointed by the Lund archbishopric or at least with its approval, and that the "recent" establishment of the church in Finland was work of the Danes or their close allies, "caretaking of a few noble men". The Archbishop had also complained to the Pope how difficult it was to get anyone to be a bishop in Finland and planned to appoint someone without formal adequacy, which the Pope approved of without questioning Archbishop's opinions.

In surviving lists of Swedish bishoprics from 1164, 1189 and 1192, there is no reference, factual or propagandist, to the Diocese or Bishop of Finland. ["Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä", 1989. ISBN 951-96006-1-2.]

ee also

* Henry, Bishop of Uppsala
* Thomas, Bishop of Finland
* Theoderich, Bishop of Estonia

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Bishop of Estonia — was the name of the main Bishop in Estonia during the early Catholic missionary phase of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The two known bishops were Fulco and Theoderich …   Wikipedia

  • Theoderich (Bishop of Estonia) — Theoderich was the second known missionary Bishop of Estonia during 1211 1219. He was previously a Cistercian monk and appointed by Albert of Buxhoeveden, the Bishop of Riga. He had apparently worked in missionary activities in Estonia already in …   Wikipedia

  • Henry (Bishop of Uppsala) — Infobox Saint name=Henry, Bishop of Uppsala birth date= death date=Traditionally January 20 1150Harvnb|Heikkilä|2005|pp=55 ndash;62.] feast day=January 19 venerated in=Catholic Church of Finland imagesize=200px caption=Henry walking on his… …   Wikipedia

  • History of Estonia — ImageSize = width:260 height:350PlotArea = width: 25 height:330 left:50 bottom:10DateFormat = yyyyPeriod = from:700 till:2007TimeAxis = orientation:verticalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:100 start:1100PlotData= color:blue width:25… …   Wikipedia

  • Rodulff — ( Rodulf ) is claimed by a 15th century chronicle Chronicon episcoporum Finlandensium to have worked as a missionary bishop in Finland after Bishop Henry had died in the 1150s. [ [http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Sweden/Abo/abo.html Chronicon… …   Wikipedia

  • Eskil of Lund — Eskil was a 12th century Archbishop of Lund, in Skåne, Denmark (now in Sweden).He was one of the most capable and prominent princes of the Church in Scandinavia. A man of profound piety, he was always zealous for the welfare of the church, and… …   Wikipedia

  • Pope Alexander III — Alexander III Papacy began September 7, 1159 Papacy ended August 30, 1181 Predecessor Adrian IV …   Wikipedia

  • Archbishop of Uppsala — The Archbishop of Uppsala (spelled Upsala until early 20th century) has been the primate in Sweden in an unbroken succession since 1164, first during the Catholic era, and from the 1530s and onward under the Lutheran church. Historical overview… …   Wikipedia

  • Finnish–Novgorodian wars — The Finnish–Novgorodian wars[citation needed] were a series of conflicts that took place between Finnic tribes in eastern Fennoscandia called Yem , and the Republic of Novgorod from the 11th or 12th century to early 13th century. The wars seem to …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”