- Quota 90
The Quota 90 ( _it. Quota novanta) was a controversial
revaluation of the lira undertaken by Mussolini, announced on August 18, 1926 at a speech inPesaro , pegging theexchange rate to 92.46 lira against thePound sterling (19 lira against the US Dollar)Peter Neville. 2003. "Mussolini". Routledge. ISBN 0415249899. p. 77.] by December 1927, which had been the prevailing market rate when Mussolini took power in 1922.George Holmes. 2001. "The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192854445. p. 275.]The Quota has been described as the "most controversial measure undertaken by [Mussolini's] government before 1929," despite the general consensus that some revaluation was necessary among Italian bankers and industrialists.Alexander De Grand. 2000. "Italian Fascism: It's Origins and Development". University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6622-7. p. 60-62.] Minister of Finance
Giuseppe Volpi —who preferred a rate of 120 or 125Franklin Hugh Adler. 1995. "Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521522773. p. 353.] against the pound—considered the quota a drastic overvaluation. Many historians regard the Quota as motivated by Mussolini's desire to "exert his will" rather than economic rationality, as a "political decision", or as a "proof of force" against industrialists.De Felice. "Mussolini il fascista". 2:223, 239-243, 282.] In response to requests from Volpi and industrialists to reconsider the Quota, Mussolini threatened even lower rates.An August 8, 1926 letter from Mussolini to Volpi claimed that "the fate of the regime is tied to the lira." [De Felice. "I lineamenti politici della 'quanta novanta.'" p. 379.]
The revaluation led to a massive increase in
merger s in 1928 and 1929, beginning a process of industrial consolidation which culminated in 1932 with .88% of corporations (144) controlling 51.7% of corporate capital.The Quota was accompanied by industrial and agricultural wage reductions in 1927, which overcompensated for the reduction in prices, decreasing the
real wage and thus thepurchasing power of most Italians;unemployment also rose, especially in the agricultural South.ee also
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Economy of Italy under Fascism, 1922-1943 References
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