Sinonyx

Taxobox
name = "Sinonyx"
fossil_range = Late Paleocene


image_width = 250px
image_caption = "Sinonyx jiashanensis"
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Mesonychia
familia = Mesonychidae
genus = "Sinonyx"
species = "Sinonyx jiashanensis"

"Sinonyx jiashanensis" (“Chinese Claw”) was a wolf-like ungulate Mesonychid mammal from the late Paleocene of China that lived about 56 million years ago. It was an early primitive form of mesonychid, which some experts regard as a distinctive group of carnivorous condylarths, which gave rise to artiodactyls. "Sinonyx" was discovered by Philip Gingerich, director and curator of the Paleontology Museum at the University of Michigan, in Anhui province, People’s Republic of China.

"Sinonyx" was about 5 feet long with a large elongated head, short legs and tiny hooves on all of its toes. It was built for stamina and strength and was well equipped to take care of itself by killing slower-moving prey or scavenging along sea shores. The tooth count was the primitive mammalian number (44) and the teeth were differentiated as are the heterodont teeth of today's mammals. The molars were very narrow shearing teeth, especially in the lower jaw, but possessed multiple cusps. The large skull had an extended occipital bone and large sagittal crest that contained a tiny brain. The large sagital crest indicates a powerful bite, for these are the bones which anchor muscle to the lower jaw or mandible; with the increased surface area indicating a large muscle mass.cite journal | author = Nesbit, Joanne | year = 2001 | title = Medical Illustrator Makes Puzzle Pieces Fit | journal = The University Record Online, University of Michigan | issue = March 25, 1997 | pages = 1019–1027 | url = http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9697/Mar25_97/artcl01.htm]

=Morphologic similarities between "Sinonyx" and Cetaceans=

Morphologists have long thought that "Sinonyx" was the direct ancestor of Cetacea (whales and dolphins), but the discovery of well preserved hind limbs of archaic cetaceans as well as more recent DNA phylogenetic analysescite journal | author = Geisler, J.H. and Uhen, M.D. | year = 2003 | title = Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 23 | pages = 991–996 | doi = 10.1671/32] cite journal | author = Geisler, J.H. and Uhen, M.D. | year = 2005 | title = Phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: results of simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphological, and stratigraphic data | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | volume = 12 | issue = 1 and 2 | pages = 145–160 | doi = 10.1007/s10914-005-4963-8] cite journal | author = Boisserie, J.−R., Lihoreau, F., and Brunet, M. | year = 2005 | title = The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 102 | pages = 1537–1541 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0409518102] now indicates that cetaceans are more closely related to hippopotamids and other artiodactyls than they are to mesonychids, and this result is consistent with many molecular studies.cite journal | author = Gatesy, J., Hayashi, C., Cronin, A., and Arctander, P. | year = 1996 | title = Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 13 | pages = 954–963] Even though some scientist do not think Sinonyx is an ancestor of Cetacea the reasons for originally thinking that it was are the following:

"Sinonyx's" elongated muzzle and tooth shape are atypical compared to other mesonychids, but are features close to those of the cetaceans. Its elongated muzzle, teeth and skull features are common to the earliest primitive whales. The elongation of the muzzle is often associated with hunting fish and all fish-hunting whales and dolphins have elongated muzzles. These features suggest that "Sinonyx" was developing adaptations that could have later become the basis of the whales' specialized way of life. The triangular shaped teeth have a prominent middle cusp or point and two relatively equal sized cusps on each side that are also similar to cetaceans. Other similarities include a loss of a collarbone and specialized upper arm bones. Mesonychids are also the only 'carnivorous' ungulates, and although many cetaceans are filter feeders of tiny zooplankton, no cetacean is a plant eater. Other characters that "Sinonyx" has in common to the whales include an enlarged jugular foramen (a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure) and a short basicranium (underside of the skull).cite journal | author = Zhou X., Zhai R., Gingerich P. and L. Chen | year = 1995 | title = Skull of a new Mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the late Paleocene of China | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–400] Furthermore, the ear structure of primitive placentals, including early ungulates, has a larely cartilaginous tympanic auditory bullae (bony capsules enclosing the middle and inner ear). with only a thin ring of bone, the tympanic, which supported the tympanum. But in "Sinonyx", the entire bulla had become ossified, as it is in all whales. A thicker bulla and denser bone contribute in three ways to improved high-pitched hearing in cetaceans: "it strengthens the bulla to resist compression more effectively, insulates it acoustically from the rest of the skull better than ordinary bone, and raises the frequency of sound that can be detected."cite book | author = Carrol, Robert Lynn | year = 1997 | title = Patterns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution | journal = Palaeontology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 464 pages | id = ISBN 052147809X]

The transition from Mesonychid to cetacean was thought to be easy to follow from the fossil evidence. Mesonychids were often shore dwelling animals that hunted both on land and in the shallows, and it was not hard to imagine a shore dwelling creature becoming more specialized and eventually returning to the ocean. Intermediate forms such as "Ambulocetus" and "Pakicetus" especially closely resemble Mesonychids with their fully functioning legs and similar tooth morphology. "Pakicetus" has a similar body design, but a head more closely resembling archaic cetaceans. "Ambulocetus" is similar in design to "Pakicetus", with the addition of flippered feet, and most likely moved better in the water than on land like a modern otter or seal. Beyond Ambulocetus, it is easy to trace the ancestry directly to modern cetaceanscite journal | author = Mesonychid Museum | year = 2004 | title = The Cetacean Connection | journal = Bluelion.org: Extinct and Extant Wildlife | publisher = Bluelion.org in Association with Amazon.com | url = http://www.bluelion.org/mesowhales.htm] : "Sinonyx" (land-dwelling) -> "Pakicetus" (swims occasionally) -> "Ambulocetans natans" (swims predominantly) -> "Rodhocetus" (paddling reduced hind legs) -> "Basilosaurus" (vestigial hind limbs) -> "Dorudon".

References