Herman Francis Mark

Herman Francis Mark (May 3, 1895 - April 6, 1992) was an Austrian-American chemist regarded for his contributions to the development of polymer science. Mark's x-ray diffraction work on the molecular structure of fibers provided important evidence for the macromolecular theory of polymer structure. Together with Houwink he formulated an equation, now called the Mark-Houwink or Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation, describing the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity of a polymer on its relative molecular mass (molecular weight).

Biography

Early life

Mark was born in Vienna in 1895, the son of Herman Carl Mark, a physician, and Lili Mueller. Mark’s father was a Jew who converted to Lutheranism upon marriage.cite web
url=http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/polymer/pol_3.html
title=Herman Mark to 1940
work=National Historical Chemical Landmarks
accessdate = 2007-11-07]

Several early stimuli apparently steered Herman Mark to science. He was greatly influenced by a teacher, Franz Hlawaty, who made mathematics and physics understandable. At the age of twelve, he and his friend toured the laboratories of the University of Vienna. His friend's father, who taught science, arranged the tour. The visit excited both boys and before long they turned their bedrooms into laboratories. Both had access to chemicals through their fathers, and they were soon performing experiments.

World War I

Mark served as an Officer in the elite k.k. Kaiserschützen Regiment Nr. II of the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I.He was highly decorated and the Austrian hero of the alpine Battle for Mt. Ortigara in June 1917.

X-ray diffraction

Mark worked on X-ray diffraction. Linus Pauling learned X-ray diffraction from Mark, and that knowledge led to Pauling’s seminal work on the structure of proteins.

Albert Einstein asked Mark and his colleagues to use the intense and powerful X-ray tubes available at their laboratory to verify the Compton Effect; this work provided the strongest confirmation yet of Einstein’s light quantum theory for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

I.G. Farben

In 1926 Kurt Meyer of I.G. Farben offered Mark the assistant directorship of research at one of the company’s laboratories. In his years at Farben, Mark worked on the first serious attempts at the commercialization of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, and the first synthetic rubbers. Mark helped make Farben a leader in manufacturing and distribution of new polymers and co-polymers.

With the rise of Nazi power, Mark's plant manager recognised that as a foreigner and the son of a Jewish father he would be most vulnerable. Mark took his manager's advice and accepted a position as professor of physical chemistry at the University of Vienna, which brought him back to the city where he grew up. Mark’s stay in Vienna lasted six very successful years during which he designed a new curriculum in polymer chemistry and continued research in the field of macromolecules.

In September 1937, Mark met C.B. Thorne, an official with the Canadian International Pulp and Paper Company, in Dresden. At the meeting, Thorne offered Mark a position as research manager with the company in Hawkesbury, Canada, with the goal of modernizing its production of wood pulp for the purpose of making rayon, cellulose acetate, and cellophane. Mark replied that he was busy but that he would try to visit Canada the following year to help reorganize the company’s research facilities.

Escape from Nazi Europe

In early 1938 Mark began preparing to leave Austria by delegating his administrative duties to colleagues. At the same time he clandestinely started to buy platinum wire, worth roughly $50,000, which he bent into coat hangers while his wife knitted covers so that the hangers could be taken out of the country.

When Hitler’s troops invaded Austria and declared the Anschluss (the political union of Germany and Austria), Mark was arrested and thrown into a Gestapo prison. He was released with a warning not to contact anyone Jewish. He was also stripped of his passport. He retrieved his passport by paying a bribe equal to a year’s salary, and he obtained a visa to enter Canada and transit visas through Switzerland, France, and England. At the end of April, Mark and his family mounted a Nazi flag on the radiator of their car, strapped ski equipment on the roof, and drove across the border, reaching Zurich the next day. From there, the family traveled to England via France, and in September Mark, temporarily leaving his family behind, boarded a boat to Montreal.

USA

From Canada, Mark went to the United States, where he joined the Brooklyn Polytechnic. There he established a strong polymer program which included not only research but the first undergraduate polymer education in the United States. [cite web
url=http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/poly-mark.html
title=Herman Francis Mark
work=Chemical Heritage Foundation
accessdate = 2007-11-07] [cite web
url=http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/NYACSReport2003/HistPolymer.htm
title=Herman Mark and the Polymer Research Institute
work =
accessdate = 2007-11-07]

Some of Mark's earliest work at the Brooklyn Polytechnic involved experiments with reinforcing ice by mixing water with wood pulp or cotton wool before freezing. In 1942, the results of these experiments were later passed to Max Perutz who had been a student of Mark in Vienna, but was now in the UK. Max Perutz's work would lead to the development of Pykrete. [Perutz, 2002, p83]

In 1946, Mark established the Polymer Research Institute at Brooklyn Polytechnic, the first research facility in the United States dedicated to polymer research. Mark is also recognized as a pioneer in establishing curriculum and pedagogy for the field of polymer science.cite web
url=http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/polymer/pol_1.html
title=Polymer Research Institute
work=National Historical Chemical Landmarks
accessdate = 2007-11-07] In 1950, the POLY division of the American Chemical Society was formed, and has since grown to the second-largest division in this association with nearly 8,000 members.

In 1980, Mark was awarded the Perkin Medal.

In 2003, the American Chemical Society designated the Polymer Research Institute as a National Historic Chemical Landmark.

Books

*"Giant Molecules" (Series: LIFE Science Library) (1966)

References

Notes

General references

*cite book
last = Perutz
first = Max
authorlink = Max Perutz
title = I Wish I Made You Angry Earlier
publisher = Oxford University Press
location =
series =
year = 2002 - paperback
isbn = 0-19-859027-X

External links

* [http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/hmark.html A short biography]