Gottfried Lengnich

Gottfried Lengnich ( _pl. Gotfryd Lengnich, 4 December 1689 - 28 April 1774) was a 18th century historian, lawyer and politician. He became known for writing the 9-volume "History of Royal Prussia" and for teaching Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of Poland.

Life

Gottfried Lengnich was born to the family of a wealthy merchant in Danzig (Gdańsk). Initially studying at the local college of the St. Mary's church, he was sent to Mewe (Gniew) to study Polish language at the age of 13 before returning to Danzig to study at the Academic Gymnasium. In 1710 he went to Halle in Brandenburg, where in 1713 he received a doctorate in Law. Following a brief career at the "Hallische Bibliothek" digest, he returned to Danzig to study the history of Danzig law and of the law of Royal Prussia and Poland, to find out whether "us Prussians ... are the Poles ' equal brothers or their servants". [Karin Friedrich, "The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772" [http://books.google.com/books?id=3pdTHkGcs1wC&pg=PA192&vq=lengnich&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=s1ZyI7Og-diwTqLBbIRNZmki5fc] ]

In 1718 he started the "Polonische Bibliothek" issued in German language, the first historical journal about Poland. However, the following year the journal faced financial difficulties and had to be closed down. In 1720 Lengnich also founded one of the first scientific societies in his home town, the "Societas Literaria" (see also Danzig Research Society). As perhaps the only specialist in the history of Pomerania and Pomerelia, in 1721 he was chosen by the City Council as the official historian of the city, entitled with continuation of Kasper Schütz's monumental "Historia Rerum Prussicarum". His "History of Royal Prussia", published in 9 volumes, covered the period between 1526 and 1733.

In 1729 Lengnich also became the professor of rhetorics and poetry at the Academic Gymnasium, a Protestant Latin language college located in Danzig. The following year he got married. In 1733, during the Siege of Danzig and the War of the Polish Succession, Lengnich was introduced to General Stanisław Poniatowski, the voivode of Masovia and a prominent Polish politician. The latter hired Lengnich as a teacher for two of his sons, one of them being Stanisław August Poniatowski, who later became the last king of Poland. It was for the future king that Lengnich wrote a guidebook to the history of Poland, published in 1740 under the title of "Historia Polona a Lecho ad Augusti II mortem" (Polish history from Lech to the death of Augustus II"). In 1737 he became an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

During the period of interregnum following the death of Augustus II the Strong, Lengnich became involved in local politics and was initially a partisan of Stanisław Leszczyński. However, later he changed sides and went on to support Augustus III, who rewarded Lengnich with the title of "Royal Legislative Minister" in 1740. Thanks to the king's support in 1750 he also became a syndic of Danzig.

As a politician, Lengnich promoted the rights of "dissidents", that is non-Catholic gentry. Like Daniel Gralath he was a strong proponent of the autonomy of Royal Prussia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and opposed the forces that wanted to involve Danzig into internal Polish affairs, among them being the Confederation of Bar. As a historian he is best known for his 9-volume "Geschichte der preußischen Lande" (History of Prussian Lands), as well as several codices on law. Among the latter was the first edition of the "Ius publicum Regni Poloniae" (Public Law of the Kingdom of Poland) inspired by bishop Andrzej Stanisław Załuski and the "Ius publicum civitatis Gedanensis oder der Stadt Danzig Verfassung und Rechte" (Public law of the city of Danzig, or the city's constitution and rights, 1769). He was also the editor of the first edition of "Polish Chronicle" by Gallus Anonymous (whom he falsely considered to be a Pole) and the "Chronicle" by Wincenty Kadłubek.

Notes

Work

* "Des Syndicus der Stadt Danzig Gottfried Lengnich ius publicum civitatis Gedanensis oder der Stadt Danzig Verfassung und Rechte", 1769, published by Otto Günther, Danzig 1900 (initially only intended for internal use within city administration) [http://books.google.com/books?id=l8gpGwAACAAJ&]
* "Geschichte der preußischen Lande / königlich=polnischen Antheils / seit dem Jahre 1526", Danzig 1722-1725 [http://books.google.com/books?id=YC8OHQAACAAJ]
* "Historia Polona A Lecho In Annum 1748", Danzig 1750 [http://www.pbi.edu.pl/show.php?pub=40990&page=1]
* "Jus Publicum Prussiae Polonae", Danzig 1758

Biography

* Włodzimierz Zientara, "Gottfried Lengnich. Ein Danziger Historiker in der Zeit der Aufklärung", Toruń 1995 (Diss.)