Messier 73

Messier 73
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Aquarius
Right ascension	20h 58m 54s[1] [2]
Declination	-12° 38′[1][2]
Distance	approx. 2,500 ly[2] (approx. 770 pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)	9.0m[1][2]
Apparent dimensions (V)	2.8′[2]
Physical characteristics
Radius	ly
Estimated age	million yrs[citation needed]
Other designations	M 73, NGC 6994 [1][2]
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Messier 73 (M73, also known as NGC 6994) is an asterism of four stars in the constellation of Aquarius. An asterism is composed of physically unconnected stars that appear close to each other in the sky as seen from Earth. M73 is one of the best-known asterisms in the sky, and it has been carefully studied scientifically.

History

M73 was discovered by Charles Messier on October 4, 1780, who originally described the object as a cluster of four stars with some nebulosity. Subsequent observations by John Herschel, however, failed to reveal any nebulosity. Moreover, Herschel noted that the designation of M73 as a cluster was questionable. Nonetheless, Herschel included M73 in his General Catalogue of clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, and John Dreyer included M73 when he compiled the New General Catalogue.^[3]

Scientific Research: Asterism or Open Cluster?

M73 was once treated as a potential sparsely populated open cluster, which consists of stars that are physically associated in space as well as on the sky. The question of whether the stars were an asterism or an open cluster generated a small, interesting debate.

In 2000, L. P. Bassino, S. Waldhausen, and R. E. Martinez published an analysis of the colors and luminosities of the stars in and around M73. They concluded that the four bright central stars and some other nearby stars followed the color-luminosity relation that is also followed by stars in open clusters (as seen in a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram). Their conclusion was that M73 was an old open cluster that was 9 arcmin wide.^[4] G. Carraro, however, published results in 2000 based on a similar analysis and concluded that the stars did not follow any color-luminosity relation. Carraro's conclusion was that M73 was an asterism.^[5] Adding to the controversy, E. Bica and collaborators concluded that the chance alignment of the four bright stars seen in the center of M73 as well as one other nearby star was highly unlikely, so M73 was probably a sparse open cluster.^[6] The controversy was solved in 2002, when M. Odenkirchen and C. Soubiran published an analysis of the high resolution spectra of the six brightest stars within 6 arcmin of the central position of M73. Odenkirchen and Soubiran demonstrated that the distances from the Earth to the six stars were very different from each other, and the stars were moving in different directions. Therefore, they concluded that the stars were only an asterism.^[7]

Although M73 was determined to be only a chance alignment of stars, further analysis of asterisms is still important for the identification of sparsely populated open clusters. Such clusters can be important for demonstrating how open clusters are ripped apart by the gravitational forces in the Milky Way.

Location

The asterism's location in the sky is shown in the following map of the constellation Aquarius:

Constellation of Aquarius

See also

• Messier 40 - a double star included in the Messier catalogue that was also mistakenly identified as having nebulosity

Notes and references

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "SIMBAD Astronomical Database". Results for Messier 73. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/Simbad. Retrieved 2006-12-21. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "SEDS Messier pages". Messier 73. http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m073.html. Retrieved 2010-02-28. 
3. ^ K. G. Jones (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37079-5. 
4. ^ L. P. Bassino, S. Waldhausen, & R. E. Martinez (2000). "CCD photometry in the region of NGC 6994: The remains of an old open cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics 355: 138–144. arXiv:astro-ph/0001238. Bibcode 2000A&A...355..138B. 
5. ^ G. Carraro (2000). "NGC 6994: An open cluster which is not an open cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics 357: 145–148. arXiv:astro-ph/0003372. Bibcode 2000A&A...357..145C. 
6. ^ E. Bica, B. X. Santiago, C. M. Dutra, H. Dottori, M. R. de Oliveira, & D. Pavani (2001). "Dissolving star cluster candidates". Astronomy & Astrophysics 366 (3): 827–833. arXiv:astro-ph/0011280. Bibcode 2001A&A...366..827B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000248. 
7. ^ M. Odenkirchen & C. Soubiran (2002). "NGC 6994: Clearly not a physical stellar ensemble". Astronomy & Astrophysics 383 (1): 163–170. arXiv:astro-ph/0111601. Bibcode 2002A&A...383..163O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011730. 

External links

• Messier 73, LRGB CCD image based on two-hours total exposure
• Messier 73 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images

Coordinates: 20^h 58^m 54^s, −12° 38′ 00″