Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis

taxobox
name = "Banksia" ser. "Cyrtostylis"

---

image_caption = "B. media" (Southern Plains Banksia), the type species of "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis"
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Eudicots
ordo = Proteales
familia = Proteaceae
genus = "Banksia"
series = "Banksia" ser. "Cyrtostylis"
series_authority = (Benth.) A.S.George
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "See text"|

"Banksia" ser. "Cyrtostylis" is a valid botanic name for a taxonomic series within the plant genus "Banksia". First published at sectional rank by George Bentham in 1870, it was demoted to a series by Alex George in 1981. The name has had three circumscriptions.

According to Bentham

Bentham published "B." sect. "Cyrtostylis" in "Flora Australiensis", as part of his taxonomic arrangement of "Banksia", defining it as those taxa with quote|"Leaves flat or undulate, the margins not revolute, toothed pinnatifid or pinnate. Style arched or nearly straight and turned upwards or curved, but not hooked after flowering, the stigmatic end small, not furrowed."cite encyclopedia | author = Bentham, George | year = 1870 | title = Banksia | encyclopedia = Flora Australiensis | volume = 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 541–562 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.] This definition essentially defined "Cyrtostylis" as a section for those species that did not possess the characters of the other sections; thus it was highly heterogeneous.cite journal | author = Thiele, Kevin R. and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661]

George Bentham's placement and circumscription of "B." sect. "Cyrtostylis' may be summarised as follows::"Banksia"::"B." sect. "Oncostylis" (13 species, 2 varieties)::"B." sect. "Cyrtostylis":::"B. attenuata":::"B. media":::"B. Solandri":::"B. Goodii":::"B. petiolaris":::"B. repens":::"B. prostrata" (now "B. gardneri"):::"B. grandis":::"B. quercifolia"::::"B. quercifolia" var. "integrifolia" (now "B. oreophila"):::"B. Baueri"::"B." sect. "Eubanksia" (3 species)::"B." sect. "Orthostylis" (19 species)::"B." sect. "Isostylis" (1 species, 1 variety)Bentham's circumscription of "Cyrtostylis" remained current for over 100 years, only being superseded in 1981 by George's revision.

According to George 1981

In 1981, George published a taxonomic revision of "Banksia" in "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". He demoted "Cyrtostylis" to series rank, placing it within "Banksia" subgenus "Banksia", section "Banksia".The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)] It has remained at this rank since then, so its current name is "Banksia" ser. "Cyrtostylis" (Benth.) A.S.George.APNI | name = "Banksia" ser. "Cyrtostylis" | id = 52317]

George defined "Cyrtostylis" as those members of "B." sect. "Banksia" with slender flowers, a small pollen-presenter, and beaked follicles. Its type species was given as "B. media" (Southern Plains Banksia).

George's 1981 placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" may be summarised as follows::"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." sect. "Banksia"::::"B." ser. "Salicinae" (9 species, 5 subspecies)::::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species)::::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (3 species)::::"B." ser. "Orthostylis" (8 species, now "B." ser. "Banksia")::::"B." ser. "Crocinae" (4 species)::::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis":::::"B. media":::::"B. praemorsa":::::"B. pilostylis":::::"B. attenuata":::::"B. lindleyana":::::"B. ashbyi":::::"B. benthamiana":::::"B. audax":::::"B. laevigata"::::::"B. laevigata" subsp. "laevigata"::::::"B. laevigata" subsp. "fuscolutea":::::"B. lullfitzii":::::"B. elderana" (now spelled "B. elderiana"):::::"B. elegans"::::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (6 species, 3 varieties)::::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (3 species)::::"B." ser. "Coccineae" (1 species):::"B." sect. "Oncostylis" (3 series, 21 species, 4 subspecies, 10 varieties)::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (2 species)A significant addition to the series occurred in 1988, when George published a new species, "B. epica", placing it between "B. praemorsa" (Cut-leaf Banksia) and "B. media".cite journal | author = George, Alex S. | year = 1988 | title = New taxa and notes on "Banksia" L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Nuytsia | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 309–317]

According to Thiele and Ladiges

In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges undertook a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of "Banksia", which yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. They found "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" to be "widely polyphyletic". Six of the fourteen taxa in George's "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" occurred singly in locations throughout the cladogram; these were transferred to other series or left "incertae sedis". The remaining eight taxa formed a clade, which further resolved into two subclades:clade
1=clade
1="B. pilostylis"
2=clade
1="B. media"
2="B. epica"
3="B. praemorsa"
2=clade
1="B. benthamiana"
2="B. audax"
3=clade
1=""B. laevigata" subsp. "laevigata"
2=""B. laevigata" subsp. "fuscolutea" Thiele and Ladiges preferred to give series rank to the subclades, rather than the entire clade, so they transferred the taxa of the second clade into "B." ser. "Ochraceae", retaining only the taxa of the first clade in "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis". No formal definition was given for the new circumscription, although Thiele and Ladiges attached no fewer than seven synapomorphies to the clade, three of which were reversals, the other four parallelisms.

The placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement of "Banksia" may be summarised as follows::"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)::"B. elegans" ("incertae sedis")::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (4 species):::"B." ser. "Lindleyanae" (1 species):::"B." ser. "Banksia" (2 subseries, 12 species):::"B. baueri" ("incertae sedis"):::"B. lullfitzii" ("incertae sedis"):::"B. attenuata" ("incertae sedis"):::"B. ashbyi" ("incertae sedis"):::"B. coccinea" ("incertae sedis"):::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (8 species):::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis"::::"B. pilostylis"::::"B. media"::::"B. epica"::::"B. praemorsa":::"B." ser. "Ochraceae" (3 species, 2 subspecies):::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Salicinae" (2 series, 11 species, 4 subspecies):::"B." ser. "Spicigerae" (3 series, 7 species, 6 varieties):::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (2 species):::"B." ser. "Dryandroideae" (1 species):::"B." ser. "Abietinae" (4 subseries, 15 species, 8 varieties)

According to George 1999

Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when it was overturned by George. George's 1999 arrangement was largely a reversion to his 1981 arrangement. Despite George describing "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" as "a rather heterogeneous series", its 1981 circumscription was maintained, the only changes being the inclusion of "B. epica", the relocation of "B. lindleyana" from the end of the series to set between "B. attenuata" (Candlestick Banksia) and "B. ashbyi" (Ashby's Banksia), and the relocation of "B. laevigata" to sit between "B. elderiana" (Swordfish Banksia) and "B. elegans" (Elegant Banksia). George's 1999 placement and circumscription of "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" may be summarised as follows:cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | encyclopedia = Flora of Australia | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0] :"Banksia"::"B." subg. "Banksia":::"B." sect. "Banksia"::::"B." ser. "Salicinae" (11 species, 7 subspecies)::::"B." ser. "Grandes" (2 species)::::"B." ser. "Banksia" (8 species)::::"B." ser. "Crocinae" (4 species)::::"B." ser. "Prostratae" (6 species, 3 varieties)::::"B." ser. "Cyrtostylis":::::"B. media":::::"B. praemorsa":::::"B. epica":::::"B. pilostylis":::::"B. attenuata":::::"B. ashbyi":::::"B. benthamiana":::::"B. audax":::::"B. lullfitzii":::::"B. elderiana":::::"B. laevigata"::::::"B. laevigata" subsp. "laevigata"::::::"B. laevigata" subsp. "fuscolutea":::::"B. elegans":::::"B. lindleyana"::::"B." ser. "Tetragonae" (3 species)::::"B." ser. "Bauerinae" (1 species)::::"B." ser. "Quercinae" (2 species):::"B." sect. "Coccinea" (1 species):::"B." sect. "Oncostylis" (4 series, 22 species, 4 subspecies, 11 varieties)::"B." subg. "Isostylis" (3 species)In 2002 "B. rosserae" was published; it was tentatively placed in "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" between "B. elderiana" and "B. laevigata".cite journal | author=Olde, Peter M. and Marriott, Neil R. | year = 2002 | title = One new "Banksia" and two new "Grevillea" species (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from Western Australia | journal = Nuytsia | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–99 | url = http://users.bigpond.net.au/macarthuraps/new%20grevilleas.pdf | accessdate = 2007-01-10]

Recent developments

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different to previous taxonomic arrangements. With respect to "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis", Mast's results accord closely with the arrangement of Thiele and Ladiges, inferring a polytomous clade corresponding exactly with Thiele and Ladiges' series. This clade is however, not particularly close to the clade that corresponds to "B." ser. "Ochraceae".cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae ("Banksia" and "Dryandra"; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in "Banksia" and "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = ISSN|0002-9122 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311] cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra" (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015]

Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by transferring "Dryandra" into it, and publishing "B." subg. "Spathulatae" for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons; in this way they also redefined the autonym "B." subg. "Banksia". All members of "B." ser. "Cyrtostylis" fall within Mast and Thiele's "B." subg. "Banksia", but nothing further has been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" is complete.cite journal | first = Austin | last = Mast | authorlink = Austin Mast | coauthors = Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016]

References

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