Almost all

In mathematics, the phrase almost all has a number of specialised uses.

"Almost all" is sometimes used synonymously with "all but finitely many" (formally, a cofinite set) or "all but a countable set" (formally, a cocountable set); see almost. An example of this usage is the "Frivolous Theorem of Arithmetic", which states that "almost all natural numbers are very, very, very large". [MathWorld|urlname=FrivolousTheoremofArithmetic|title=Frivolous Theorem of Arithmetic]

When speaking about the reals, sometimes it means "all reals but a set of Lebesgue measure zero" (formally, almost everywhere). In this sense we can say "almost all reals are not a member of the Cantor set".

In number theory, if "P"("n") is a property of positive integers, and if "p"("N") denotes the number of positive integers "n" less than "N" for which "P"("n") holds, and if

:"p"("N")/"N" → 1 as "N" → ∞

(see limit), then we say that "P"("n") holds for almost all positive integers "n" (formally, asymptotically almost surely) and write:$(forall^infty\; n)\; P(n).$

For example, the prime number theorem states that the number of prime numbers less than or equal to "N" is asymptotically equal to "N"/ln "N". Therefore the proportion of prime integers is roughly 1/ln "N", which tends to 0. Thus, "almost all" positive integers are composite (not prime), however there are still an infinite number of primes.

Occasionally, "almost all" is used in the sense of "almost everywhere" in measure theory, or in the closely related sense of "almost surely" in probability theory.

ee also

*Sufficiently large

References