Drug-induced lupus erythematosus

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus
Classification and external resources

Hydralazine, a medication associated with drug-induced lupus erythematosus
ICD-10 M32.0
ICD-9 710.0
OMIM 152700
DiseasesDB 12782
MedlinePlus 000435
eMedicine med/2228 emerg/564
MeSH C17.300.480

Drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DIL or DILE) is an autoimmune disorder (similar to systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]) caused by chronic use of certain drugs. These drugs cause an autoimmune response (the body attacks its own cells) producing symptoms similar to those of SLE. There are 38 known medications to cause DIL but there are three that report the highest number of cases: hydralazine, procainamide, and isoniazid.[1] While the criteria for diagnosing DIL has not been thoroughly established, symptoms of DIL typically present as myalgia and arthralgia. Generally, the symptoms recede after discontinuing use of the drugs.[2]

Contents

Causes

The processes that lead to drug-induced lupus erythematosus are not entirely understood. The exact processes that occur are not known even after 50 years since its discovery, but many studies present theories on the mechanisms of DIL.

A predisposing factor to developing DIL is N-acetylation speed, or the rate at which the body can metabolize the drug. This is greatly decreased in patients with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme N-acetyltransferase. A study showed that 29 of 30 patients with DIL were slow acetylators. In addition, these patients had more hydralazine metabolites in their urine than fast acetylators.[3] These metabolites (byproducts of the interactions between the drug and constituents in the body) of hydralazine are said to have been created when leukocytes (white blood cells) have been activated, meaning they are stimulated to produce a respiratory burst.[4] Respiratory burst in white blood cells induces an increased production of free radicals and oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide.[5] These oxidants have been found to react with hydralazine to produce a reactive species that is able to bond to protein.[6] Monocytes, one type of leukocyte, detect the antigen and relay the recognition to T helper cells, creating antinuclear antibodies leading to an immune response.[7] Further studies on the interactions between oxidants and hydralazine are necessary to understand the processes involved in DIL.

Of the drugs that cause DIL, hydralazine has been found to cause a higher incidence. Hydralazine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. Approximately 5% of the patients who have taken hydralazine over long periods of time and in high doses have shown DIL-like symptoms.[8] Many of the other drugs have a low to very low risk to develop DIL. The following table shows the risk of development of DIL of some of these drugs on a very to high scale.[1]

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of drug-induced lupus erythematosus include:

  • Joint pain (Arthralgia) and muscle pain (myalgia)
  • Fatigue
  • Inflammation of the heart (pericarditis) and lungs (pleuritis)
  • Anti-histone antibodies in 95% of cases

These signs and symptoms are not side effects of the drugs taken which occur during short term use. DIL occurs over long-term and chronic use of the medications listed above. While these symptoms are similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus, they are generally not as severe unless they are ignored which leads to more harsh symptoms, and in some reported cases, death.

Treatment

It is important to recognize early that these drugs are causing DIL like symptoms and discontinue use of the drug. Symptoms of drug-induced lupus erythematosus generally disappear days to weeks after medication use is discontinued. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) will quicken the healing process. Corticosteroids may be used if more severe symptoms of DIL are present.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Rubin, Robert L. (2005-02-04). "Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus". Lupus Foundation of America. http://www.lupus.org/education/brochures/drug.html. Retrieved 2006-11-03. 
  2. ^ Schur, Peter H. (ed.); et al. (July 1983). The Clinical Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. New York: Grune & Stratton. p. 221. ISBN 0-8089-1543-6. 
  3. ^ Lahita, Robert G. (1987). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 859. ISBN 0-471-87388-8. 
  4. ^ Uetrecht J, Zahid N, Rubin R (1988). "Metabolism of procainamide to a hydroxylamine by human neutrophils and mononuclear leukocytes". Chem Res Toxicol 1 (1): 74–8. doi:10.1021/tx00001a013. PMID 2979715. 
  5. ^ Stites, Daniel P.; Terr, Abba I., Parslow, Tristram G. (eds.) (1994). Basic & Clinical Immunology. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. p. 373. ISBN 0-8385-0561-9. 
  6. ^ Hofstra A, Matassa L, Uetrecht J (1991). "Metabolism of hydralazine by activated leukocytes: implications for hydralazine induced lupus". J Rheumatol 18 (11): 1673–80. PMID 1664857. 
  7. ^ Hofstra A (1994). "Metabolism of hydralazine: relevance to drug-induced lupus". Drug Metab Rev 26 (3): 485–505. doi:10.3109/03602539408998315. PMID 7924901. 
  8. ^ Schur, Peter H. et al. (1983), p. 223.

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • drug-induced lupus — erythematosus lupus erythematosus caused by any of various drugs. Hydralazine, procainamide, and minocycline are the most common ones causing systemic lupus, and various other drugs can cause subacute cutaneous lupus. It usually resolves… …   Medical dictionary

  • Lupus erythematosus — Classification and external resources ICD 10 L93 (ILDS L93.010) ICD 9 695.4 Lupus erythematosus …   Wikipedia

  • lupus erythematosus — /er euh thee meuh toh seuhs, them euh /, Pathol. any of several autoimmune diseases, esp. systemic lupus erythematosus, characterized by red, scaly skin patches. [1855 60; < NL: erythematous lupus] * * * Either of two inflammatory autoimmune… …   Universalium

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus — For other uses, see lupus (disambiguation). Systemic lupus erythematosus Classification and external resources The typical butterfly rash found in lupus ICD 10 L …   Wikipedia

  • Drug-induced psoriasis — may be induced by beta blockers, lithium, antimalarials, terbinafine, calcium channel blockers, captopril, glyburide, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interleukins, interferons, and lipid lowering drugs.[1]:197 See also Psoriasis Skin… …   Wikipedia

  • Drug eruption — Classification and external resources Examples of drug eruptions. (A) Bullous dermatitis caused by sulfathiazole (B) Fixed drug eruption caused by phenolphtalein (C) Bullous erythema multiforme (D) Diffuse photosensitivity reaction …   Wikipedia

  • Lupus — is an autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys and brain. Normally the body s immune system makes proteins called antibodies, to protect the body against viruses,… …   Wikipedia

  • Adverse drug reaction — Classification and external resources Adverse drug reaction leading to hepatitis (drug induced hepatitis) with granulomata. Other causes were excluded with extensive investigations. Liver biopsy …   Wikipedia

  • Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema — Classification and external resources Pictures of hands on capecitabine ICD 10 Y …   Wikipedia

  • lupus — A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating the various diseases listed below. [L. wolf] chilblain l. 1. SYN: chilblain l. erythematosus. 2. l. pernio that is a manifestation of… …   Medical dictionary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”