Bradford City stadium fire

The Bradford City Fire Disaster occurred on Saturday May 11, 1985 when a flash fire consumed one side of the Valley Parade football stadium in Bradford, England.

The fire broke out during a football match between the home team, Bradford City, and Lincoln City, on the day that Bradford City were supposed to have celebrated their winning the Football League Third Division trophy. Fifty six people lost their lives.

Background

1984-85 in English football saw Bradford City enjoy a most successful season in Football League Division 3 (today's Football League One), and by May 11, the final Saturday of the season, had secured enough points to be crowned league champions, gaining promotion to the Football League Division 2 (today's Football League Championship) for the first time since 1937, 48 years earlier. With Bradford City already champions, and Lincoln City safely occupying mid-table, the game was a meaningless sideshow to what was supposed to be a very rare day of celebration for Bradford City.

As it was the first piece of domestic silverware that the club had captured since they won Football League Division Three North 56 years earlier, in 1929, 11,076 supporters, double that season's average attendance, packed into the then ramshackle 16,000 capacity Valley Parade, to see their club crowned league champions. Of these, 2,000 filled all the ground's seats and a further 2,000 stood on the Paddock terrace that ran immediately to the front and side of the Edwardian Main Stand, also filling it to capacity.

Half an hour before the game, the Bradford City team did a lap of honour after club captain Peter Jackson was presented with the Third Division trophy. For the first 40 minutes of the game, the two sides played out a goalless draw, then disaster unfolded.

Fire

It is believed the fire started when a spectator discarded smoking materials (by one report, a lit cigarette end put in a polystyrene cup) by dropping them down a gap at the back of a terrace seat, because those terraces did not have risers; it fell into the empty space under the main stand and onto a pile of rubbish (litter, lint, newspapers and other paper, dust) that had accumulated beneath the stand for approximately 20 years.

Five minutes before half-time, white smoke was seen rising from the rear of the 77-year-old wooden stand. It is thought that the fire brigade were not called, but responded after seeing the situation developing on live television. The police began to move fans from the rear of G Block, the area in which the fire started. Three minutes later, after flames emerged from beneath the stand, match referee Don Shaw stopped the match, which the Football Association ultimately declared to be a 0-0 draw, the score when the game was abandoned. All thoughts of the match were now forgotten as people were evacuated onto the playing field. The fire rapidly took hold 90 seconds later, after a flashover occurred throughout G Block, with the entire main stand then engulfed within two minutes. Whilst most escaped onto the playing field, others seated towards the rear of the stand were trapped in the narrow rear corridor at the back of the stand. Most of the fire's fatalities were found along this corridor where they had been overcome by toxic smoke, by the rear inward opening exit doors and turnstile entrances, which had been locked to prevent unauthorised access after kickoff. Some strong men [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/11/newsid_2523000/2523561.stm] among the fans managed to break one of the locked exit doors open, which saved lives.

After flashover the fire raced along the stand's wooden roof with wooden boards and hot burning melting tar falling from its bitumen-coated roof onto escaping fans below. The steel that the club said it intended to use to update the aging wooden roof the next Monday, was lying in the car park behind the stand awaiting fitting.

Only countless acts of heroism by police and supporters prevented the death toll from being much worse. Thankfully there was no pitch-side fencing such had figured at the Hillsborough Disaster. Supporters who had escaped the fire switched their attentions to saving fellow supporters. Four police officers, PCs David Britton, John Richard Ingham and Chief Inspectors Charles Frederick Mawson and Terence Michael Slocombe; and two spectators, Richard Gough and David Hustler were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal for their actions.LondonGazette|issue=50531|supp=yes|startpage=7213|endpage=7214|date=28 May 1986|accessdate=2008-03-19] PCs Peter Donald Barrett and David Charles Midgley; along with spectators Michael William Bland and Timothy Peter Leigh received the Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct. In total 28 police officers and 22 supporters who were publicly documented as having saved at least one life, later receiving police commendations or bravery awards. Together, flanked by undocumented supporters, they managed to clear all but one person who made it to the front of the stand. The club coach Terry Yorath incurred minor injuries while taking part in the rescue.

56 people died in the fire, with almost 250 of the most injured overwhelming local hospitals. A further 200 needed St. John Ambulance first aid treatment at the ground and countless others of the least seriously burned treated themselves in their homes or in the houses that the local community opened up immediately around Valley Parade.

The match was being recorded by Yorkshire Television for transmission on their Sunday afternoon regional football show "The Big Match". Coverage of the fire was transmitted minutes after the event on the live ITV Saturday afternoon sports programme "World of Sport".

Aftermath

The inquiry into the disaster, chaired by Sir Oliver Popplewell and known as the Popplewell Inquiry, [cite web |title =The Papers of the Popplewell Inquiry into Crowd Safety at Sports Grounds | work =Library | publisher =University of Bradford | date =2007-12-13 | url =http://www.brad.ac.uk/library/special/popplewell.php | accessdate =2008-07-24 ] led to the introduction of new legislation to improve safety at the UK's football grounds. One of the main outcomes of the inquiry was prohibiting the construction of new wooden grandstands at all UK sports grounds.

The Popplewell Inquiry found that the club had been warned about the fire risk that the rubbish accumulating under the stand had posed. However, as there was no real precedent, most Bradfordians accepted that the fire was a terrible piece of misfortune. A discarded cigarette and a dilapidated wooden stand, that had survived because the club did not have the money to replace it, was considered to have conspired to cause the worst disaster in the history of the Football League.

The Bradford Disaster Appeal fund, set up within 48 hours of the disaster, eventually raised over £3.5 million. The most memorable of hundreds of fundraising events was a recreation of the 1966 World Cup Final, which began with the original starting teams of both England and West Germany, was held at the Leeds United stadium, Elland Road, in July 1985 to raise funds for the Appeal fund. England won the re-match 6-4.

Part of the Appeal funds were raised by a cover version by The Crowd of the Gerry & The Pacemakers hit You'll Never Walk Alone, which reached number 1 in the UK Singles chart. The money raised from this record was contributed to fund the internationally renowned burns unit that was established in partnership between the University of Bradford and Bradford Royal Infirmary, immediately after the fire, which has also been the Bradford City FC's official charity for well over a decade. The unit's innovative use of a sling to relieve the pain of severe burn injuries and reduce the risk of their infection in the days immediately after the fire gave birth to a medical product that is still in use today.

A capacity 6,000 crowd attended a multi-denominational memorial service, held on the pitch in the sunny shadow of the burnt out stand at Valley Parade in July 1985. A giant Christian cross, made up of two large charred wooden members that had once been part of the stand was constructed in front of the middle of the stand and behind the pitchside speaker's platform. Part of the service was also held in Urdu and Punjabi as a sign of appreciation to the local Asian community in Manningham, Bradford around Valley Parade that had opened up their doors to Bradford City supporters in the immediate aftermath of the disaster. The following day work began on clearing the burnt out shell of the stand and Justice Popplewell released his findings into the disaster.

Bradford City played games at Elland Road, Leeds; Leeds Road, Huddersfield; and Odsal Stadium, Bradford; while Valley Parade was re-developed. Valley Parade re-opened on 14 December 1986, when Bradford City beat an England XI 2-1 in a friendly. Since then, it has been further re-developed and, today, Valley Parade is a modern 25,136 All-seater stadium, which is virtually unrecognisable from how it was at the time of the disaster, bar the original clubhouse that still stands beside the main stand and the flank support wall that runs down the Hollywell Ash Lane at the Bradford End of the ground.

Whilst Bradford City prospered in the 2nd Division, only missing out on promotion to the 1st Division in 1988 after failing to beat Ipswich Town at home on the final day of their first full season back at Valley Parade, Lincoln City suffered two successive relegations, first to the 4th Division in 1986, before in 1987 becoming the first team to be automatically relegated from the Football League itself. They were immediately promoted back to the Football League in 1988.

Although some attributed Lincoln's City's sudden demise to the psychological effects of the fire on its players, it symbolised the wider crisis that the introduction of new safety legislation bought to Lincoln's Sincil Bank home. Its timber St. Andrew's Stand, Main Stand and the roof of its popular Railway End terrace were immediately condemned as fire hazards, which saw its seating capacity briefly cut to nil. Lincoln City's board responded by committing £1,100,000 to their ground's renovation in the year that immediately followed the fire at Valley Parade, and over the following decade made improvements that eventually totalled £3,000,000. After its renovation in 1990 they named the home end of their ground the 'Stacey-West Stand', in honour of Bill Stacey and Jim West, who were two visiting Lincoln City supporters who were amongst the 56 to die at Bradford. Today, with its 10,000 all-seater capacity Lincoln can rightly boast that they have "One of the best stadiums in lower league football", which is fitting homage to their tragic involvement in events at Bradford in 1985. Each year Lincoln send representatives to the annual memorial service in Bradford city centre and are currently managed by Bradford's captain that day, Peter Jackson.

At Valley Parade there are now two memorials. One, now re-situated to that end of the stand where the fire began is a sculpture donated on the initial re-opening of Valley Parade in December 1986 by a then Jersey-based former West Yorkshire woman. The other, situated by the main entrance, was donated by the club after its £7,500,000 renovation of the original main stand in 2002 and is a black marble fascia on which the names and ages of those that died are inscribed in gold and has a black marble platform on which people can leave flowers and mementoes. Meanwhile there is a twin memorial sculpture, unveiled on 11 May 1986, which has the names of the dead inscribed on it. They were donated by Bradford's German twin city of Hamm and are situated in front of the City Halls of both Bradford and Hamm. After the fire Bradford City also announced they would thereafter play with black trim on their shirt collars and arms as a permanent memorial to those who had died.

By the City Hall memorials, in a tradition similar to Remembrance Day, a short memorial service follows a minute's silence held on the 11th hour of the 11th day of each May. This is perhaps due to 24 of those who died at Valley Parade having been above the age of 60, who would have therefore served during and survived World War II, with the 40th anniversary of VE Day only 3 days before the fire, with the civic ceremonies of reconciliation that surrounded this anniversary the reason why a dignitary party from Hamm was present in the stand on the day of the fire.

Controversy

FOX TV

American television network FOX TV controversially aired footage of the disaster in the program "When Good Times Go Bad 3". They incorrectly blamed supporters for deliberately starting the fire; and the program used punning language such as "as rabid as American fans can get, they can't hold a candle to soccer fans around the world". David Pendleton, the editor of Bradford City F.C.'s fanzine, stated that the program was "a vile and callous piece of journalism" [ [http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,90224,00.html Outrage at 'shock TV' clip of soccer tragedy | Football | The Guardian ] ] Copyright of the TV footage of that day's events is strictly controlled by Yorkshire Television and the footage is only meant to be used for fire awareness training purposes.

YouTube

In early 2007, original TV news footage of the fire was illegally posted on the internet website YouTube. Following threats of legal action from Yorkshire Television, and considerable protest from Bradford City supporters' groups (with endorsement from the club itself), the footage was removed. The footage had also been posted on a second, more obscure "humour" website where its presence had gone undetected until it was discovered by a bereaved survivor in April 2007. Similar action brought its immediate removal. However despite these protests, as of January 2008 the video appears on at least two other publicly accessible websites. To this day the fire remains a most awkward taboo-like topic of conversation for many within the city of Bradford.

References

Further reading

*cite book|last=Firth|first=Paul|title=Four Minutes to Hell: The Story of the Bradford City Fire|year=2005|publisher=Parrs Wood|location=Manchester|id=ISBN 1-903158-73-7

External links

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/11/newsid_2523000/2523561.stm BBC - "On this day - 11 May"]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6560000/newsid_6564800/6564801.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm BBC - Radio report 12 May 1985]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1214220,00.html The Guardian - "Hideous images linger after carnage of 'celebration' day. 13 May 1985]
* [http://football.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,9753,1480946,00.html The Guardian - "Out of the inferno". A multiply bereaved survivor's 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article1131387.ece The Times - "Day that will live with me forever". ITV Gabby Logan's 18th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article520682.ece The Times - "I was buying crisps. In five minutes a fireball would sweep that passage". ITV Gabby Logan's 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article520905.ece The Times - "Dignified city's terrible suffering was heavy price for change". Justice Popplewell's 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article520285.ece The Times - "Cause of death? Complacency". Sports ground historian Simon Inglis 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article520258.ece The Times - "The TV commentator who broke the news to a horrified world". YTV John Helm's 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,1482064,00.html The Guardian - "20 years on Bradford stops to salute victims of a stadium fire". Report on 20th anniversary memorial service]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_4530000/newsid_4538400/4538469.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm BBC - Look North report on 20th anniversary memorial service (v.1)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/sol/newsid_4530000/newsid_4537200/4537209.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm BBC - Look North report on 20th anniversary memorial service (v.2)]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/realmedia/brad_doc.ram BBC Radio Lincoln - 20th Anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2005/05/11/sfnhay11.xml The Daily Telegraph - "Bradford fire: forgotten tragedy of the Eighties". 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bradford_city/4506597.stm BBC - "Bradford remembers fire disaster". 20th anniversary retrospective]
* [http://www.bradfordcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10266~1013980,00.html Bradford City F.C. official history page]
* [http://www.bradfordcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10266~91558,00.html Bradford City F.C. In Memoriam - A list of the dead]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article387139.ece The Sunday Times - "Caught in Time" Bradford City's players 20 years on] .
* [http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/coca_cola/article220906.ece The Independent - 20th anniversary retrospective - "Bradford City: After the fire"]
* [http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/mostpopular.var.1185797.mostviewed.anger_at_city_fire_web_footage.php.stm Youtube controversy]
* [http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/search/display.var.1338856.0.city_fire_internet_footage_fury.php All4humour controversy]
* [http://www.bantamspast.co.uk/TriumphandTragedy/May%2011%201985/may111985-afterm.html bantamspast - site of club museum]
* [http://www.bradfordcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10266~400739,00.html Bradford City's official post 1985 transformation of Valley Parade]
* [http://www.redimps.premiumtv.co.uk/page/SincilBankStadium/0,,10440~1060936,00.html Lincoln City's official history of Sincil Bank]
* [http://www.plasticsurgery-bradford.org The Bradford Burns Unit (Charitable contributions welcome)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/bradford_city/4529307.stm BBC - Professor David Sharpe, head of burns unit 20th anniversary retrospective]