Bingham Canyon Mine

Infobox_nrhp | name =Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine
nrhp_type = nhl

---

caption = Bingham Canyon Mine, April 2005
nearest_city= Salt Lake City, Utah
locmapin = Utah
area =
built =1904
architect=
architecture=
designated = November 13, 1966cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=552&ResourceType=Site
title=Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine|accessdate=2008-07-12|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
added = November 13, 1966
governing_body = Private
refnum=66000736cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]

The Bingham Canyon Mine is an open-pit mining operation extracting a large porphyry copper deposit southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, in the Oquirrh Mountains. It is owned by Rio Tinto, an international mining and exploration company headquartered in the United Kingdom. The copper operations at Bingham Canyon Mine are managed through Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation which operates the mine, a concentrator plant, a smelter, and a refinery. The mine has been in production since 1906, and has resulted in the creation of a pit over 0.75 mile (1.2 km) deep, 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, and covering 1,900 acres (7.7 km²). According to Kennecott, it is the world's largest man-made excavation. [http://www.kennecott.com/?id=MjAwMDA5Mg= Kennecott's Bingham Canyon Mine Visitors Center Website] Accessed May 3, 2007] It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966 under the name Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine.

History

Minerals were first discovered in Bingham Canyon in 1850, but it was not until 1863 that extraction began and the potential of the canyon's mineral resources began to be widely recognized. At first, mining was difficult due to the area's rugged terrain, but a railroad reached the canyon in 1873, prompting greatly-increased mining activity and accompanying settlement. The canyon's nineteenth-century mines were relatively small, however, and it was not until 1898 that plans for very large-scale exploitation of the canyon's ore bodies began to develop. That year, Samuel Newhouse and Thomas Weir formed the Boston Consolidated Mining Company, intending to increase mine development in the canyon.

A more significant development took place in 1903, when Daniel C. Jackling and Enos A. Wall organized the Utah Copper Company. Utah Copper immediately began construction of a pilot mill at Copperton, just beyond the mouth of the canyon, and the company actually started mining in 1906. The success of Utah Copper in mining the huge but low-grade porphyry copper type orebody at Bingham Canyon revolutionized the copper industry, and set the pattern for the large open-pit porphyry copper mines that today dominate the copper industry worldwide. Utah Copper and Boston Consolidated merged in 1910. The Kennecott Copper Corporation, established in 1903 to operate mines in Kennecott, Alaska, purchased a financial interest in Utah Copper in 1915 and fully acquired the company in 1936.

Bingham Canyon mine expanded rapidly, and by the 1920s the region was a beehive of activity. Some 15,000 people of widely-varying ethnicity lived in the canyon, in large residential communities constructed on the steep canyon walls. The population declined rapidly as mining techniques improved, however, and several of the mining camps began to be swallowed up by the ever-expanding mine. By 1980, when Lark was dismantled, only Copperton, at the mouth of Bingham Canyon and with a population of 800, remained. Today, mining operations continue at full-swing in the mine, and it is now among the largest open-pit mines in the world. Work to expand the mine 600 feet (180 m) east began in 2005, continuing to increase its size, growth, and capabilities.

Rio Tinto committed US$170 million to the East 1 pushback project, which will extend the life of the open pit at Bingham Canyon until 2013. Various open-pit and underground alternatives will also be considered after that.

Production

Over its life, Bingham Canyon has proven to be one of the world's most productive mines. As of 2004, ore from the mine has yielded more than 17 million tons (15.4 Mt) of copper, 23 million ounces (715 t) of gold, 190 million ounces (5,900 t) of silver, and 850 million pounds (386 kt) of molybdenum. The gold and silver are impurities removed from the copper during refining. The value of the resources extracted from the Bingham Canyon Mine is greater than the Comstock Lode, Klondike, and California gold rush mining regions combined. Cumulatively, Bingham Canyon has produced more copper than any other mine in the USA, and is the second in the world after Chuquicamata ["Yacimientos Metaliferos De Chile, Carlos Ruiz Fuller & Federico Peebles, page 54."] [ [http://www.cochilco.cl/cochilcoswf.htm "Cochilco Yearbook 1986-2005"] ] in Chile. Mines in Chile, Indonesia, Arizona, and New Mexico now exceed Bingham Canyon's annual production rate. High molybdenum prices in 2005 made the molybdenum produced at Bingham Canyon in that year worth even more than the copper. [ Citebook
last = Bon
first = R.L.
coauthors = Krahulec, K.A.
title = Utah, Mining Engineering
date = May 2006
pages = p. 117] The value of metals produced in 2006 at Bingham Canyon was US$1.8 billion dollars. [ Citebook
last = Bon
first = R.L.
coauthors = Krahulec, K.A.
title = Utah, Mining Engineering
date = May 2007
pages = p. 120]

Operations

Employing 1,400 people, 450,000 tons (408 kt) of material are removed from the mine daily. Electric shovels can carry up to 56 cubic yards (43 m³) or 98 tons (89 t) of ore in a single scoop. Ore is loaded into a fleet of 64 large dump trucks which each carry 255 tons (231 t) of ore at a time; these trucks cost about US$3 million each. There is a five mile (8 km) series of conveyors that take ore to the Copperton concentrator and flotation plant. The longest conveyor is 2.5 miles (4 km) long and passes through an existing railroad tunnel inside the mine.Failed verification|date=August 2008

See also

* Daniel C. Jackling
* Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation
* Chuquicamata - another very large mine in Chile

References

* Kennecott Utah Copper Mine brochure (distributed to visitors), dated September 2004.

External links

* [http://www.infomine.com/minesite/minesite.asp?site=bingham Bingham Canyon on Infomine]
* [http://www.kennecott.com/ Kennecott's Home Page]
* [http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=129927 2005 Expansions]
* [http://www.utahrails.net/bingham/bingham-index.php To Move A Mountain: A History of Mining and Railroads in Bingham Canyon]
* [http://www.pbase.com/bobt54/kennecott_mine Photo gallery]
* [http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/bingham/ Geology, mining and ore processing at Bingham ]
* [http://www.kennecott.com/pdf/2007_Educators_Brochure.pdf Educator's brochure, 2007]
* [http://www.utahoutdooractivities.com/kennecott.html Visiting the mine]