- Tabal
Tabal (Bib. Tubal, Gk. Τιβαρηνοί Tibarenoi, Lat. Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus) was a Luwian speaking
Neo-Hittite kingdom of South CentralAnatolia , forming after the collapse of theHittite Empire and surviving into Roman times.Some scholars associate them with the
Meshech s (Meshekhs/Mosokhs, "Moschoi" in Greek). According to the archaeologist Kurt Bittel, Tabal first appears after the collapse of theHittite Empire . [Kurt Bittel, Hattusha: The Kingdom of the Hittites, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. p.133] TheAssyria n kingShalmaneser III records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in837 BC and the following year. A century later, their kingBurutash is mentioned in an inscription of kingTiglath-Pileser III . They have left a number of inscriptions from the 9th-8th centuries BC in hieroglyphic-Luwian in the Turkish villages ofÇalapverdi and Aliar.The Georgian historian
Ivane Javakhishvili considered Tabal, Tubal, Jabal and Jubal to be ancient Georgian tribal designations, and argued that they spoke a non-Indo-European language .They and other related tribes, the "Chalybes" (
Khalib /Khaldi ) and theMossynoeci ("Mossynoikoi" in Greek), are sometimes considered the founders ofmetallurgy . These three tribes still neighbored each other, along theBlack Sea coast ofAnatolia (ancientPontus ), as late as in Roman times (the tribes were known inLatin as "Tibareni ", "Chalybes", and "Mossynoeci"/"Mosynoeci").On the evidence of
Hecataeus ,Herodotus ,Xenophon ,Strabo and others, the tribe of the Tibareni ("Tibarenoi" in Greek) lived in the north of the territory of Tabal.The known later rulers of Tabal are: ["Tübinger Bibelatlas / Tübingen Bible Atlas". Siegfried Mittmann, Götz Schmitt (eds.), Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2001, Map B IV 13.]
*Ambaris (until ca. 713)
*Hidi (ca. 690)
*Mugallu (ca. 670)
*"x"-ussi (ca. 650)Bibliography
*
Ivane Javakhishvili . "Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East". Tbilisi, 1950, pp. 130-135 (in Georgian)
*Simon Janashia . "Works", vol. III. Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 2-74 (in Georgian)
*Nana Khazaradze . "The Ethnopolitical entities of Eastern Asia Minor in the first half of the 1st millennium BC". Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 3-139 (in Georgian, Russian and English)References
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