Arizona Copper Mine Strike of 1983

The Arizona Copper Mine Strike of 1983 began as a bargaining dispute between the Phelps Dodge Corporation and a group of union copper miners. The subsequent strike lasted nearly three years and is regarded as an important moment in the history of the United States labor movement^[1]

History

In 1981, the worst recession since the Great Depression caused the price of copper to plummet from a high of $1.40 in February, 1981 to $00.75 (seventy five cents) per pound by December 18.. That's almost a 50% drop in the price of copper, resulting in massive losses for the entire copper industry. During 1981 the copper industry, as a whole, laid off approximately 50%, or 11,000 workers statewide. Phelps Dodge continued to operate with full manpower throughout most of 1981, although they were continuing to lose millions of dollars.

In December, 1981, Phelps Dodge announced that it would lay off 108 workers in Arizona and New Mexico on January 3, 1982, and place the rest of the workers on a 4-day work week in order to minimize the impact of the layoffs. In doing so, unlike the rest of the copper industry, Phelps Dodge was able to continue to operate and pay their workers, while reducing their production by 20% ^[2]

Phelps Dodge announced salary cuts to management personnel, and laid off 100 salaried employees. On April 7, 1982, Phelps Dodge announced it would lay off all 3,400 of its hourly workers in Texas and Arizona, because of its massive losses. Not only did Phelps Dodge lay off workers, but a total of approximately 12,000 copper workers had been laid off across the industry. None of the copper mines in Arizona continued to operate.

Company chairman George Munroe decided to hold a series of "town hall meetings" to talk directly to the workers. "The copper you produce here," he told the miners, had to compete with copper produce in Canada, South America, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia. Essentially the price for copper is the same all over the world. And no U. S. producer can continue operating for very long when its cost of producing a pound of copper approaches or exceeds the price for which it can be sold. It's as simple as that. Mr. Munroe also pointed out that Arizona miners wages had risen at an annual rate of nearly 15 percent during the 1970's, while the average U. S. manufacturing employee had seen only a 10 percent increase.^[3]

"The same eight dollars that Phelps Dodge pays for forty minutes of work," Munroe went on to say, "would buy more than a full shift of work from the average mining employee at a large South American copper." Many of the unions in other industries had already agreed to pay cuts. Munroe said that the copper industry could be no exception.

Although copper prices remained stagnant throughout 1982, Phelps Dodge ended its shutdown, calling more than half the work force back about five months after Munroe's visits.^[4] It should be noted that ALL of the other copper companies continued their shut down.

Over one year later, in May 1983, the copper mining company began negotiations with the United Steelworkers and other unions in Phoenix, Arizona. The unions agreed to a freeze of their members' wages for three years, but attempted to bargain for Cost of Living Adjustments (COLA) and to prevent job combinations^[5]. In recent years, similar agreements had been accepted by other mining corporations, including Kennecott, Asarco, Magma Copper, and Inspiration Consolidated Copper. It should be noted, that, though these companies struck an agreement with the union, none of them were operating. Only Phelps Dodge remained operational. However, Phelps Dodge was facing competition from overseas producers during a particularly low period of metals pricing. Increased media scrutiny, highlighted by the July 1983 cover of Business Week, declaring a "Management Crisis at Phelps Dodge", implicated chairman George B. Munroe in the company's financial woes.

The subsequent negotiations with the unions failed to lead to an agreement, and on midnight of July 30 a strike began, including workers from Morenci, Ajo, Clifton, and Douglas, Arizona. Thousands of miners walked out and a picket line was formed at the Morenci Mine. The next day, Phelps Dodge increased security personnel in and around the mine. Within days miners were subject to unlawful arrests, firings, evictions, and undercover surveillance by the Arizona Criminal Intelligence Systems Agency^[6]. At the beginning of August, Phelps Dodge announced that they would be hiring permanent replacement workers for the Morenci Mine. The company took out large employment ads for new workers in the Tucson and Phoenix newspapers. Meanwhile, the local government passed injunctions limiting both picketing and demonstrations at the mine.

The company offered new workers virtually the same deal it was trying had offered the unions, who turned them down. Instead of an annual Cost of Living raise pegged to inflation, Phelps Dodge offered an annual wage review pinned to the price of copper. If copper increased, employees would receive a raise. Instead of offering new, inexperienced workers over $9.00 an hour, they offered new employees with no experience or training $7.00 an hour. Instead of offering free doctor visits, they would require a $5.00 co-pay. The Union bosses turned this down, but hundreds of workers from Tucson and Phoenix jumped on it. Eventually, many of the Union workers went back to work as well.

On Monday, August 8, one underpaid cab driver from Tucson, upon advice from a State Mine Inspector, who said the company would hire replacement workers, drove the 180 miles to Morenci, and arrived at the employment office, to wait for it's opening, so he could apply for work. Across the street, a group of strikers began to grow. Eventually, a few strikers crossed the street, to talk to this cab driver from Tucson. They told him to leave, and threw a rock at him, grazing his shoulder. He drove up the hill past the main entrance to the plant, through a tunnel, and turned around to come back down the hill. As he drove back past the main entrance, a striker threw a rock at the car, breaking the front right window. As he drove past the employment office on the left, another striker threw a rock, breaking the right rear window. He drove until he found a security gate at one of the entrances to the plant, and, shaking, walked into the security shack and told the guards what had just happened. They helped him calm down with pie and ice cream, and called the employment supervisor, who came to the security shack and personally took his application. He drove back to Tucson, and upon returning home, called the Governor's office, saying that Morenci was under seige and needed the National Guard and the State Highway Patrol to keep the peace.^[7]

Throughout the day, approximately 1,000 strikers and their supporters gathered at the gate to the mine in response to the company's announcement that they would hire new workers. Phelps Dodge stopped production and, later that day, Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt flew in to meet with the company, and persuaded the company to shut down for 24 hours. The follow] Phelps Dodge agreed to continue the shut down for 10 days, along with a 10-day moratorium on hiring replacement workers, and it was decided that a federal mediator would be called in for negotiations.

Assisted by a massive display of military force, on the morning of August 19, Phelps Dodge smoothly reopened and appeared to get the upper hand in the 51 day siege by the United Steelworkers Union. Military vehicles, tanks, helicopters, 426 state troopers and 325 National Guard members arrived in Clifton and Morenci as part of "Operation Copper Nugget" to end the violence. Replacement workers entering the mine, were subjected to obscene gestures, name calling, and threats of violence. Strikers at the gate were unable to prevent the replacement workers from entering the mine, although they tried. Eight days later, 10 strikers were arrested in Ajo and charged with rioting. From this point on, the strike lost much of its momentum as far as the workers were concerned. Some of the workers, who had been laid off, decided to come back to work and cross the picket line. There continued to be outbreaks of violence, and being subjected to shouting and name calling when going to work. On several occasions, strikers blocked the highway from Safford to Morenci, preventing workers from reporting for duty.

In September of 1984, all the workers voted whether they wanted to be represented by the unions or not. Almost unanimously, the workers voted out the unions.

After a series of confrontations and controversies, the strike officially ended on February 19, 1986, when the National Labor Relations Board rejected appeals from the unions attempting to halt decertification.

Aftermath

Shortly after the strike ended, world copper prices began to climb. This and the introduction of new mining technology led to a marked increase in profits at Phelps Dodge. While their annual profits in 1985 were just $29.5 million, profits rapidly climbed to $205.7 million in 1987 and $420 million in 1988. In 1989, the Wall Street Journal published a front page story describing how Phelps Dodge restructured and avoided bankruptcy^[8]. The Arizona Copper Mine Strike would later become a symbol of defeat for American unions. The Economics of Labor Markets and The Transformation of American Industrial Relations singled out the Arizona strike as the start of overt company strikebreaking in the 1980s. Journalists referred to the miners' strike as a precedent for subsequent labor failures.

References

1. ^ Rosenblum, Jonathan D. Copper Crucible: How the Arizona Miners' Strike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America, Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1995, p.217.
2. ^ Kingman Daily Miner, December 18, 1981
3. ^ Copper Crucible: how the Arizona miners' strike of 1983 recast labor
4. ^ Copper Crucible: how the Arizona miner's strike of 1983 recast labor, by Jonathan D Rosenblaum
5. ^ Book On 1983 Copper Strike Draws Wrong Lessons, The Militant, Dan Fein, August 21, 1995
6. ^ Union Busting: How Arizona's 'CIA' Helped Phelps Dodge Destroy The Unions, Tucson Weekly, Jonathan Rosenblum, June 29-July 5, 1995
7. ^ The person writing this paragraph was this individual.
8. ^ Swasy, A., Long road back: How Phelps Dodge struggled to survive and prospered again, Wall Street Journal, November 24, 1989

Further reading

• Kingsolver, Barbara. Holding the Line: Women in the Great Arizona Mine Strike of 1983. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1989.
• Rosenblum, Jonathan. Copper Crucible: How the Arizona Miner's Stike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1995.

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