Louay M. Safi

Louay M. Safi is a Syrian-American, a recognized scholar of Islam and the Middle East, and an advocate of Arab and Muslim American rights. He published extensively on such issues as social and political development, modernization, democracy, human rights, and Islamic resurgence. He is the author of eight books and numerous papers, and frequent speaker on questions of Islam and the Middle East.

Biography

Louay Safi was born in Damascus where he received his early education. He moved to the United States in the early eighties where he received his B.Sc. in civil engineering, and later a M.A. and a Ph.D. in Political Science from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He has written numerous books on social and political development, modernization, democracy, human rights, and Islamic resurgence.

Safi has served as Executive Director and Director of Research for the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), editor of the Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, and President of the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (1999-2003). He has also taught at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, the International Islamic University in Malaysia and George Washington University in Washington, DC.

Currently, he is the Executive Director of ISNA Leadership Development Center (ILDC), Plainfield, Indiana. He serves on the board of several leading Muslim organizations, including the [http://www.csidonline.org/ Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy] (CSID), the Islamic Horizons, and the Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS). He is a fellow with the [http://www.ispu.us/pages/reports/3217/articleDetailPB.html Institute of Social Policy and Understanding] (ISPU) and serves on the steering committee of the [http://www.mci-nwd.org/ Muslim-Christian Initiative on the Nuclear Weapons Danger] (MCI).

He has appeared on numerous radio and TV programs, including BBC, C-Span, CNN, Monte Carlo, Fox News, PBS, Middle East TV (MBC), Al-Jazeera TV, Voice of America, Malaysian Television, and others.

Views and Positions

Louay Safi advocates reform of Islamic thought, culture, and law by appealing to the universal Islamic values. He supports democratic reform in Muslim countries, rejects interpretations of Islamic sources that instigate interreligious hostility, calls for the development of more inclusive societies in the Muslim world, and has frequently defended the fledgling Muslim American community against attacks from the far right.

Democracy

Safi believes that Democracy as a system of self governance, accountability of holders of public office, and the rule of law is fully compatible with Islam. [ [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1021_031021_islamicdemocracy_2.html National Geographic] ] He has repeatedly argued that Islam is essential for the transformation of Muslim societies from autocratic rule to democracy. A cultural change is required for any democratic reform, and such a change, he insistes, is impossible without appealing to more fundamental values. That's where Islam comes in. As it is difficult to imagine the modern West without the Religious Reformation in Europe, it is also difficult to expect democratic reform in the Middle East without Islam being a big part of that. ["Can Islam and Democracy Coexist?," National Geographic [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1021_031021_islamicdemocracy_2.html] ] "Turkey can probably give us some clues as how a positive Islamic reform can bring about true democracy without resorting to violence," he argues. [A Panel at the National Press Club 2003. [http://malaysia.usembassy.gov/wf/wf0909_islam.html] ]

Safi further argues that micro-managing the reform process is counterproductive, and is likely to play into the hands of anti-democratic forces intent on stemming out the fledgling democratic forces under the rubric of safeguarding national independence and countering foreign interference. He, therefore, proposes that rather than pressuring autocratic government to change school curricula and superimpose a set of abstract criteria through state apparatus, US government should use its influence to increase the margin of freedom for political expression and action by civil society organizations. The forces of reform and modernization are already at work in Muslim societies, and have, despite severe limitations imposed by the state on their actions, made considerable strides to effect educational, cultural, and political reforms. ["Democracy Inside Out: The Case of Egypt", 7, Q-News, March 2005, Issue 361, Page 1. [http://www.q-news.com/361-Egypt.html] ]

War and Peace

Safi insists that war is not an instrument for advancing Islam, but for repelling aggression and, in limited cases for rescuing a brutally oppressed minority. He criticized the classical doctrine of jihad as being seriously flawed since it violates some of the essential Islamic principles on the Islamic ethics of war. Safi has recently written objecting to the classical doctrine; “Evidently, the classical doctrine of war and peace has not been predicated on a comprehensive theory. The doctrine describes the factual conditions that historically prevailed between the Islamic state, during the ‘Abassid and Byzantium era, and thus, renders rules which respond to specific historical needs.”

The flaw is evident, he insists, when one considers the relationship between the early Muslim community and the Christian Abyssinia. He recalls that the Islamic prophet Muhammad himself had sent the earliest group of his followers from Makkah to seek refuge from persecution in Abyssinia. They lived there in peace, and some of them did not return, even after Muslims were in power in Makkah. Moreover, the peaceful coexistence continued for over a millennium up until modern times. [A. Rashied Omar, "Islam and Violence", World Council of Churches. [http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/interreligious/cd39-06.html] ]

He, nonetheless, rejects the effort to repudiate the right of people to use force to repel aggression. Jihad is a struggle for just peace using peaceful means. He, though, insists that Jihad as an armed struggle can be legitimately employed to repel aggression and lift oppression, but only as the last resort. [ [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=1_PFEicd5LkC&dq=louay+safi+peace+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=P6_4WZUHcg&sig=YCopnEvxz5FiUwAOi3eLG0KFKZY#PPP5,M1 Peace and the Limite of War] ]

Apostasy Controversy

Safi has not shied away from controversial issues, and has taken clear positions on hot questions, including the question of apostasy. He rejected efforts to implement traditional Sharia in modern times without considering the impact of historical social conditions on the promulgation of law in historical Muslim society. He, for instance, opposed the application of apostasy rules in modern Muslim society, and argued that a proper reading of Islamic sources would affirm religious freedom. Individual, he insisted, should be able to accept or reject a particular faith on the basis of personal conviction, and that no amount of external pressure or compulsion should be permitted. [Louay Safi, "Apostasy and Religious Freedom", [http://www.naseeb.com/naseebvibes/prose-detail.php?aid=4839&PHPSESSID=33115943d4afa20bdb28b302bcf1406b] April 2006.]

Muslim Women’s Rights

Safi advocates women's right to assume public role and calls on the mosque authorities to reflect the leading role Muslim American women play by ensuring that they are represented on the mosque boards and join the rank of leadership. The importance of women taking active part on the executive boards and in executive committees is further underscored, he argues, by the need to represent concerns that can not be expressed except by women, who feel the impact of decisions made by the mosque on the quality of life and participation of other women. [Louay Safi," Women and the Masjid", Islamic Research Foundation International, [http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_301_350/women_and_masjid.htm] March 2005]

War on Terror

Safi believes that force can be used legitimately and effectively against terrorism, but he disagreed with the "War on Terror" strategy advanced by the Bush administration [Louay Safi, "Beyond Muslim condemnation of terrorism", Asia Times, [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GH05Ak02.html] August 2005.] He attributes the rise of terrorism to the authoritarian regimes that stifle debate in the Middle East, and that consistently use iron fist policies to silence opposition. Such policies, he contends, have had the effect of silencing moderate voices, and the only voices that are heard today are the voices of those who can make noise through violent actions.

Speaking in Dublin, Ireland before the College Historical Society, Safi stressed the need to have clarity in defining terrorism and consistency in prosecuting the war on terrorism. He pointed out that the current definition of terrorism adopted is oblivious to violence committed by suppressive governments against civilian populations under their control. He stressed the need to adopt universal criteria rooted in international humanitarian law, and then consistently apply the criteria to both state and non-state actors. This is not only the right thing to do, he argued, but the most effective way to counter terrorism. He suggested that terrorism should be defined as "the use of violence against civilians and non-combatants for achieving political ends." [ ILDC News [http://www.ildc.net/ildc-news/2007/4/6/ildc-director-joins-the-debate-on-terrorism-in-dublin.html] ]

Focusing on the Global War on Terrorism, he illustrated how the lack of clarity and the absence of consistency have led to increase, rather than decrease, in the incidents of terrorism. Referring to recent statistics released by the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), a federally funded organization, he pointed out that the number of terrorist incidents increased worldwide from 2,013 in 2002 to 3,646 in 2004, to a staggering figure of almost 6,500 in 2006. [ ILDC News [http://www.ildc.net/ildc-news/2007/4/6/ildc-director-joins-the-debate-on-terrorism-in-dublin.html] ]

Safi argues that overreliance on military power has been counterproductive in fighting terrorism, as it has deepened the divide between the United States and Muslim countries on the one hand, and reduced the ability of Muslim Americans to "promote dialog between the Muslim world and the West."

Safi blames the Far Right for promoting and harboring Islamophobia with the hope to turn the war on terrorism into a war on Islam and Muslims. The Far Right, he insists, wants to see deep rift between Islam and the West, and has turned Muslim Americans into targets and suspects, thereby reducing their ability to play the bridge-building role. [ ILDC News [http://www.ildc.net/ildc-news/2007/4/6/ildc-director-joins-the-debate-on-terrorism-in-dublin.html] ] [Islamophobia, A Call to Confronting a Creeping Disease [http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/islamophobia_a_call_to_confronting_a_creeping_disease/] ]

Criticism and Praise

Safi has been criticized for his involvement with Muslim organizations, and for his views on US foreign policy towards the Middle East. He accused his critics of exploiting the climate of fear in the wake of 9/11 terrorist attacks to marginalize Muslim American organizations and activists.

He decried the 2002 raids on mainstream Muslim organizations in Northern Virginia, which included the Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA), the highest Muslim religious authority in the North America, the Graduate School of Islamic and Social Sciences (GSSIS), a major Muslim institution for training Muslim chaplains, and the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a research organization focusing of reform of Islamic thought. Safi accused the Custom Service agent who led the raids of relying heavily on information provided by the Steven Emerson’s Investigative Project and his former assistant Rita Katz’s SITE Institute. [Media Monitors Network [http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/24568] ]

In July 2005, Michael Fichter, reporting for the Tampa Tribune, made a vague reference to a conversation Safi had in 1995 with Sami Al-Arian. Fichter contended that Safi asked Al-Arian whether an Executive Order issued in early 1995 by President Bill Clinton would affect the latter. According to Fichter, Al-Arian responded mockingly by calling the order "a war waged by the Zionists." [Michael Fichter in TBO [http://news.tbo.com/news/MGBCTN2GEBE.html] ] Fichter alleged that Safi was listed as [http://www.fclr.org/articles/2004fedctslrev1(noframes).htm#II.A.%20%20Definition%20of%20“Unindicted%20Co-Conspirator” unindicted co-conspirator] in the case against Al-Airan. [Michael Fichter in TBO [http://news.tbo.com/news/MGBCTN2GEBE.html] ] Al-Arian, a former computer engineering professor at the University of South Florida, “was acquitted on eight counts of aiding the Palestinian Islamic Jihad.” He pleaded guilty in 2006 to one count of providing services to members of the terrorist group, rather than face a retrial. He was sentenced to prison and will be deported after completing his four-years-and-nine-months sentence. [Associated Press [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080126/ap_on_re_us/attacks_professor_1;_ylt=Aj2gghsp6xTNt9.b_ShIST0Tv5UB] ]

In May 2007, Michael Fichter left the Tribune to join Emerson's organization. The Tribune's article that reported Fichter’s departure quoted Ahmed Bedier as saying: “Fechter's move confirms our suspicious all along that Michael Fechter has been acting as an agent for Steven Emerson, unethically acting as an agent for Steven Emerson, and saw Emerson more than just as a source but also as a mentor." [Michael Fechter Leaves Tribune, May 8, 2007 [http://www.tbo.com/news/metro/MGBB4DAOF1F.html] ]

In an article published in the National Review Online (June 18, 2007), Emerson accused Safi of saying that the “assertion by ‘world leaders’ that the war on terrorism is not a war on Islam is nothing but a piece of propaganda and disinformation that was meant to appease Western Muslims and to maintain the coalition against terrorism.” [National Review Online [http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=ODU1YWMyN2M4MWY0OWViMTBkMzY0MTM1Yjg1NGY5ZTQ=] ]

Safi responded in an article published in the Counterpunch (July 2, 2007) by pointing out that the statement quoted by Emerson was made by Salman Rushdie, and that Emerson unfairly used it to distort his views. [ CounterPunch [http://www.counterpunch.org/safi07022007.html] ]

While critics like Emerson and Daniel Pipes have censored Safi for his involvement with, and defense of, Muslim American organizations, others have commended his work for promoting forward looking understanding of Islam. Muqtedar Khan, University of Delaware Professor and Brookings Institute fellow, identified him as among leading moderate Muslims involved in reforming Islamic thought. [ America's Gift: A New Tradition in Islamic Thinking [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2007/0309islamicworld_khan.aspx] ] . He has been called a Muslim reformer in an analysis by Barnabas Fund. [ Muslim Leader Argues For Tolerance For Apostates From Islam [http://www.barnabasfund.org/News/archives/article.php?ID_news_items=210] ] Ed Brayton called Safi an advocate of freedom and democracy and a strong voice against Islamic radicalism. [ Dispatches form the Culture Wars [http://scienceblogs.com/dispatches/2006/06/fallaci_trial_begins.php] ]

Books

*" [http://www.univpress.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=^DB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0819193755 The Challenge of Modernity] " (University Press of America, 1994)
*"The Foundation of Knowledge" (International Islamic University of Malaysia, 1996)
*"Al-‘Aqidah wa al-Syiasah" (International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1996)
*"Truth and Reform" (The Open Press, 1998)
*"I’mal al ‘Aql" (Dar al-Fikr, 1998)
*" [http://www.amazon.com/dp/156564283X Peace and the Limits of War] " (International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2001)
*" [http://www.univpress.com/Catalog/Singlebook.shtml?command=search&db=^DB/Catalog.db&eqSKUdatarq=0761827218 Tensions and Transitions in the Muslim World] ", (University Press of America, 2003)
*" [http://www.ispu.us/pages/reports/3217/articleDetailPB.html Blaming Islam: Examining the Religion Building Enterprise] " (Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2006)

References

External links

* [http://lsinsight.org/ Louay Safi Home Page]
* [http://www.csidonline.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=62 Bio of Louay M. Safi]
* [http://blog.lsinsight.org INSIGHT - Louay Safi's Commentary on Islam and current affairs]
* [http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/38270 Article by Louay Safi at Media Monitors Network]
* [http://lsinsight.org/articles/index.html Articles by Louay Safi]
* [http://www.mci-nwd.org/about.asp Muslim-Christian Initiative on Nuclear Weapons Danger (MCI)]
* [http://www.ildc.net/ ISNA Leadership Development Center (ILDC)]
* [http://www.naseeb.com/naseebvibes/search-results.php Articles by Louay Safi at Naseeb Vibes]
* [http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=433&Itemid=514 His Speech] to the College Historical Society of Trinity College