Chiapas catfish

Lacantunia enigmatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Siluriformes
Family:	Lacantuniidae Rodiles-Hernandez et al., 2005
Genus:	Lacantunia Rodiles-Hernandez et al., 2005
Species:	L. enigmatica
Binomial name
Lacantunia enigmatica Rodiles-Hernandez et al., 2005

The Chiapas catfish, Lacantunia enigmatica, is an unusual species of catfish (Order Siluriformes) newly described in 2005 from the Lacantún River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. While discovery of an undescribed species of catfish is not uncommon, discovery of a new family-level taxon of any vertebrate group is a rare event.^[1] The Chiapas catfish mainly feeds on crabs, prawns, small fish, and large, tough plant seeds.^[1] This catfish is commonly fished in its natural habitat, where it is known as madre de juil, which means "mother of Rhamdia" (a common fish in the area).^[1]

Discovery

It first came to the attention of scientists in 1996 when Rócio Rodiles-Hernández, a Mexican ichthyologist conducting a biotic survey on the river, collected the first specimens from the Chiapas-Guatemala border.^[1] Unable to identify the species, Rodiles involved two American catfish specialists, Dean A. Hendrickson of the University of Texas at Austin and John G. Lundberg of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadlephia. A detailed comparative morphological study employing high resolution, three-dimensional CT-scan imagery of the fish's anatomy revealed a number of distinctive characteristics unique to this species and the absence of characters needed to place this fish in any existing catfish family. In a 2005 publication these three ichthyologists with Julian M. Humphries of the University of Texas described this fish as a new species, genus and family of catfish.^[1]

Taxonomy

This fish is not related to any of the families found in its range (Ariidae, Ictaluridae, Heptapteridae). It is most similar to Ictaluridae, but lacks some important characteristics to classify this fish into this family or the other two families. Initial study has placed this fish above Diplomystidae, Cetopsidae, and Hypsidoridae, but further classification is unknown. It is probable that this family represents a basal group in which intermediates have disappeared.^[1]

With recent molecular evidence, it has been shown that Lacantunia is the sister group to Claroteidae, an African catfish family. It probably diverged from the claroteids in the Late Cretaceous between 75 to 90 mya.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

The generic name of the fish reflects its distribution in the Río Lacantún drainage, flowing through the Montes Azules and Selva Lacandona Biosphere Reserves in México into that country’s largest river, the Río Usumacinta. Its known distribution does not extend beyond a small area in the Lacantún and Lacanjún rivers of central Chiapas. Lacantunia has never been collected in the large Usumacinta River into which these smaller rivers flow. With the description of the new family, there are four catfish families found in this region^[1]

These fish inhabit deep river channels and pools with rocks and strong eddy currents. Few specimens were taken in stream mouths.^[1]

Physical characteristics

Key variations that differentiate this genus from all other families are the shape of the animal's skull, jaw muscles, gas bladder — which fish use to rise and sink in water. The gas bladder has paired diverticulae, while other catfish families either have no diverticulae or singular diverticulae.^[1] Some external characteristics that may help distinguish this fish include nostrils set far apart, the presences of nasal barbels, maxillary barbels placed above the lip distantly from the corner of the mouth, and a rounded caudal fin.^[1] This fish has four pairs of barbels. The maximum length of fish ish of this species exceed 40 centimetres (16 in) SL. It is depressed (flattened) near the head and compressed (thin) near the tail. The head is blunt and rounded, and the mouth is usually not subterminal (down-turned). The adipose fin is large and thick. This fish has dorsal and pectoral fin spines.^[1]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Lundberg, John G.; Humphries, Julian M. (2005). "Lacantunia enigmatica (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica" (PDF). Zootaxa 1000: 1–24. ISSN: 1175-5334. http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Lacantunia_enigmatica/zt01000.pdf. 
2. ^ Lundberg, John G.; Sullivan, John P.; Rodiles-Hernández, Rocío; Hendrickson, Dean A. (June 2007). "Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish, Lacantunia enigmatica, requires an ancient intercontinental passage" (PDF). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 156: 39–53. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[39:DOARFT]2.0.CO;2. https://webspace.utexas.edu/deanhend/www/pdfs/Lundberg_2007_African_roots_Lacantunia.pdf. 

External links

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Lacantunia enigmatica" in FishBase. June 2006 version.
• Chiapas catfish Tree of Life Web Project
• Lacantunia enigmatica (Teleostei: Siluriformes) a new and phylogenetically puzzling freshwater fish from Mesoamerica (an alternative link for the scientific paper describing this fish)
• An unpublished first cladistic analysis of the Chiapas catfish (Lacantunia enigmata) among all catfishes and two anonymous reviews