- People's Park
People's Park in
Berkeley, California , USA is a park offTelegraph Avenue , bounded by Haste and Bowditch Streets and Dwight Way, near theUniversity of California, Berkeley . The park was created during the radical political activism of the late 1960s. Today it serves mainly as a daytime sanctuary for Berkeley's large homeless population who take advantage of meals offered by East BayFood Not Bombs . Some students make regular use of the basketball courts, and a wider audience is attracted by occasional concerts held at the performance stage. Beyond the homeless, few Berkeley residents use the community garden or other facilities.cite news
first = Rone
last = Tempest
title = It's still a battlefield; People's Park in Berkeley has long been a symbol of activism. Debating its future, some view it as sacred ground; others see it as a blight on the community.
format=Fee required |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/1173397331.html?dids=1173397331:1173397331&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+4%2C+2006&author=Rone+Tempest&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.1&desc=It%27s+still+a+battlefield%3B+People%27s+Park+in+Berkeley+has+long+been+a+symbol+of+activism.+Debating+its+future%2C+some+view+it+as+sacred+ground%3B+others+see+it+as+a+blight+on+the+community.
work=Los Angeles Times |date=2006-12-04 |accessdate=2007-02-11] [cite news |first=Jessica |last=Meyers |title=A Portrait of People’s Park |url=http://journalism.berkeley.edu/ngno/2006/09/12/a-portrait-of-peoples-park/ |work=Northgate News Online |date=2006-09-12 |accessdate=2008-03-11 ]The mythology surrounding the park is an important part of local culture. The surrounding South Campus neighborhood was the scene of a major confrontation between student protestors and law enforcement during May, 1969. A mural near the park, painted by Berkeley artist and lawyer Osha Neumann, depicts the shooting of James Rector, a student who died from shotgun wounds inflicted by law enforcement on
May 15 ,1969 .History
Origin of the park
In 1956 the Regents of the
University of California earmarked a convert|2.8|acre|m2|sing=on plot of land containing residences for future development into student housing, parking and offices as part of the University's "Long Range Plan for Expansion." At the time funds were lacking to purchase the land, and the plan was shelved until June 1967, when the University acquired $1.3 million to take the land through the process ofeminent domain . After taking control of the land, neighbourhood residents were evicted, and demolition of the existing homes began.Brenneman, Richard. [http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2004-04-20/article/18700?status=301 The Bloody Beginnings of People’s Park] , "The Berkeley Daily Planet",April 20 ,2004 . AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .]By 1967 the University had altered its plan; the new plan was to build student parking lot and a playing field on the land. Demolition of the existing residences took over a year, and the University ran out of development funds, leaving the lot only partially cleared of demolition debris and rubble. It remained in this state for over a year, and as winter began the muddy site became derelict with abandoned cars.cite web |url=http://www.afsc.org/about/hist/2002/peoples_park.htm |first=Joan |last=Lowe |title=People's Park, Berkeley |accessdate=2008-03-11 |format= |work=Stories from the American Friends Service Committee's Past ]
On
April 13 ,1969 , local merchants and residents held a meeting to discuss possible uses for the derelict site. Michael Delacour presented a plan for developing the under-utilized University-owned land into a public park. This plan was approved by those attending the meeting, but not by the University.Stew Albert , a co-founder of theYippie Party, agreed to write an article for the local counter-culture newspaper, theBerkeley Barb , on the subject of the park, particularly to call for help from local residents.Michael Delacour stated, "We wanted a free speech area that wasn't really controlled like
Sproul Plaza was. It was another place to organize, another place to have a rally. The park was secondary."cite news |first=Alicia |last=Wittmeyer |title=From Rubble to Refuge |url=http://www.dailycal.org/article/15086/from_rubble_to_refuge |work=The Daily Californian |date=2004-04-26 |accessdate=2008-03-11 ] The University's Free Speech microphone was available to all students, with few if any restrictions on free speech. The construction of the People's Park involved many of the same people and politics as the 1964Free Speech Movement .]On
April 18 ,1969 , Albert's article appeared in the Berkeley Barb, and on Sunday,April 20 ,1969 over 100 people arrived at the site to begin building the park. Local landscape architect Jon Read and many others contributed trees, flowers, shrubs, and sod. Free food was provided and community development of the park proceeded. Eventually, approximately 1000 people became directly involved, with many more donating money and materials. The park was essentially complete by mid-May.Frank Bardacke, a participant in the park's development, stated in a documentary film called
Berkeley in the Sixties , "A group of people took some corporate land, owned by the University of California, that was a parking lot and turned it into a park and then said, 'We're using the land better than you used it; it's ours'".On
April 28 ,1969 , Berkeley Vice Chancellor Earl Cheit released plans for a sports field to be built on the site. This plan conflicted with the plans of the People's Park activists. However, Vice Chancellor Cheit stated that he would take no action without notifying the park builders. Two days later, onApril 30 , he decided to allocate control over one quarter of the plot to the Park's builders. OnMay 6 ,1969 , Chancellor Heyns held a meeting with members of the People's Park committee, student representatives, and faculty from the College of Environmental Design. He set a time limit of three weeks for this group to produce a plan for the park, and he reiterated his promise not to take action without prior warning. [cite web |url=http://www.peoplespark.org/tmlin2.html |title=Chronology of People's Park |accessdate=2008-03-11 |format= |work=peoplespark.org]"Bloody Thursday" and its aftermath
During its first three weeks, People's Park was enjoyed and appreciated by University students and local residents alike. Telegraph Ave. merchants were particularly appreciative of the community's efforts to improve the neighborhood. [http://www.beauty-reality.com/travel/travel/sanFran/peoplespark4.html, retrieved
16 February 2007 ] [cite web
url=http://www.afsc.org/about/hist/2002/peoples_park.htm
title=People's Park, Berkeley
publisher=American Friends Service Committee
month=November | year=2002] Objections to the expropriation of University property tended to be mild, even among school administrators.Governor
Ronald Reagan had been publicly critical of University administrators for tolerating student demonstrations at the Berkeley campus, and he had received enormous popular support for his 1966 gubernatorial campaign promise to crack down on what was perceived as the generally lax attitude at California's public universities. Reagan called the Berkeley campus "a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters and sex deviants."Rosenfeld, Seth. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF3.DTL The Campus Files: Reagan, Hoover and the UC Red Scare-Part 4: The governor's race] , "San Francisco Chronicle ",June 9 ,2002 . AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .]Reagan considered the creation of the park a direct leftist challenge to the property rights of the University, and he found in it an opportunity to make good on his campaign promise. Governor Reagan overrode Chancellor Heyns'
May 6 ,1969 promise that nothing would be done without warning, and on Thursday,May 15 ,1969 at 4:45 a.m., he sent 250 California Highway Patrol and Berkeley police officers into People's Park. The officers cleared an 8-block area around the park while a large section of what had been planted was destroyed and an convert|8|ft|m|sing=on tall perimeter chain-link wire fence was installed to keep people out and to prevent the planting of more trees, grass, flowers and shrubs.Beginning at noon, approximately 3,000 people appeared in
Sproul Plaza at nearby U.C. Berkeley for a rally, the original purpose of which was to discuss the Arab-Israeli conflict. Several people spoke, thenMichael Lerner ceded the Free Speech platform to ASUC Student Body President Dan Siegel because students were concerned about the fencing-off and destruction of the park. Siegel said later that he never intended to precipitate a riot; however when he shouted "Let's take back the park!," police turned off the sound system. [http://barringtoncollective.org/PeoplesHistoryOfBerkeley, retrieved16 February 2007 ] This angered some people, and the crowd responded spontaneously, moving down Telegraph Avenue toward People's Park chanting "We want the park!"cite news
first = Rone
last = Tempest
authorlink = Rone Tempest
title = People's Park in Berkeley is still a battlefield
url = http://www.latimes.com/news/la-me-park4dec04,1,2495849.story?page=2
work =Los Angeles Times
publisher = latimes.com
page = 2
date =December 4 ,2006
accessdate = 2007-02-11]Arriving in the early afternoon, the protestors were met by the remaining 159 Berkeley and University police officers assigned to guard the fenced-off park site. The protestors opened a fire hydrant, the officers fired
tear gas canisters, some protestors attempted to tear down the fence, and bottles and rocks were thrown. A major confrontation ensued between law enforcement and the crowd. Initial attempts by the police to disperse the protestors were not successful, so more officers were called in from surrounding cities.Reagan's Chief of Staff,
Edwin Meese III , a former district attorney fromAlameda County , had established a reputation for firm opposition to those protesting theVietnam War at the Oakland Induction Center and elsewhere. Meese assumed responsibility for the governmental response to the People's Park protest, and he called in the Alameda County Sheriff's deputies, which brought the total police presence to 791 officers from various jurisdictions.Under Meese's direction, the police were permitted to use whatever methods they chose against the crowds, which had swelled to approximately 6,000 people. Officers in full riot gear (helmets, shields and gas masks) obscured their badges to avoid being identified and headed into the crowds with nightsticks swinging.
The most aggressive were the Alameda County Sheriff's deputies—later dubbed "The Blue Meanies"—who resorted to using shotguns loaded with "00"
buckshot . "00" buckshot consists of lead pellets that are much larger, and thus more lethal, than thebirdshot that is occasionally used forcrowd control . The Alameda County Sheriff's deputies used shotguns to fire "00" buckshot at people sitting on the roof at the Telegraph Repertory Cinema, fatally wounding studentJames Rector and permanently blinding carpenter Alan Blanchard. Neither man was a protestor.As the protestors retreated, the Alameda County Sheriff's deputies chased them several blocks down Telegraph Avenue as far as Willard Junior High School at Derby Street, firing tear gas canisters and "00" buckshot into their backs as they fled. At least one tear gas canister landed on the school groundsfact|date=December 2007. Many people, including innocent bystanders, suffered permanent injuries, some with as many as a hundred lead pellet wounds in their scalps, necks, backs, buttocks and thighs. One man, John Willard, lived for years in intractable pain with lead pellets lodged near his spine.Fact|date=February 2007
At least 128 Berkeley citizens were admitted to local hospitals for head trauma, shotgun wounds, and other serious injuries inflicted by law enforcement. The actual number of seriously wounded was likely much higher, because many of the injured did not seek treatment at local hospitals to avoid being arrested. [http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/text/article.cfm?archiveDate=04-20-04&storyID=18700, retieved
31 August 2008 ] Many more protestors and bystanders were treated for minor injuries. Local hospital logs show that 19 police officers or Alameda County Sheriff's deputies were treated for minor injuries; none were hospitalized.Smitha, Frank E. [http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch28B.htm The Sixties and Seventies from Berkeley to Woodstock] , "Microhistory and World Report". AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .]The authorities initially claimed that only birdshot had been used as shotgun ammunition. When physicians provided "00" pellets removed from the wounded as evidence that buckshot had been used, [http://www.beauty-reality.com/travel/travel/sanFran/peoplespark3.html, retrieved
16 February 2007 ] SheriffFrank Madigan of Alameda County justified the use of shotguns loaded with lethal buckshot by stating "... the choice was essentially this: to use shotguns—because we didn't have the available manpower—or retreat and abandon the City of Berkeley to the mob." [Berkeley Daily Gazette. "Sheriff Frank Madigan."May 30 ,1969 .] Sheriff Madigan did admit, however, that some of his deputies (many of whom wereVietnam War veterans) had been overly aggressive in their pursuit of the protestors, "as though they wereViet Cong ."http://www.beauty-reality.com/travel/travel/sanFran/peoplespark.html, retrieved16 February 2007 ] [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904149,00.html Postscript to People's Park] , "Time",February 16 ,1970 . AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .]Governor Reagan declared a state of emergency in Berkeley and sent in 2,700 National Guard troops— ironically some Guardsmen were students called to active duty. The Berkeley City Council voted 8-1 against the decision to occupy their city, however this vote was ignored. For two weeks the streets of Berkeley were barricaded with rolls of barbed wire, and freedom of assembly was denied as National Guardsmen sent tear gas canisters skittling along the street toward any group of more than two people together.
On Wednesday,
May 21 ,1969 , a midday memorial was held for student James Rector at Sproul Plaza on the University campus. Rector had suffered massive internal injuries from his shotgun wounds, finally dying at Herrick Hospital onMay 19 . In his honor, several thousand people peacefully assembled to listen to speakers remembering his life. Without warning, National Guard troops surrounded Sproul Plaza, donned their gas masks, and pointed their bayonets inward, while helicopters droppedCS gas directly on the trapped crowd. No escape was possible, and the gas caused acute respiratory distress, disorientation, temporary blindness and vomiting. Many people, including children and the elderly, were injured during the ensuing panic. The gas was so intense that breezes carried it into Cowell Memorial Hospital, endangering patients, interrupting operations and incapacitating nurses. Students at nearby Jefferson and Franklin elementary schools were also affected.During the Peoples Park incident, National Guard troops were stationed in front of Berkeley's empty lots to prevent protestors from planting flowers, shrubs or trees. Young
hippie women taunted and teased the troops, on one occasion handing out marijuana-laced brownies and lemonade spiked withLSD . A few stripped to the waist and danced for the young recruits, who tried to hide their smiles from superiors. Initially, Guardsmen were occasionally seen walking hand in hand with young Berkeley women, and they often expressed sympathy with the protesters. After about a week, however, local National Guardsmen were sent home and replaced with National Guardsmen from the more conservative Orange County south of Los Angeles; this "fixed" this problem in the view of the governor's office. Citizens who dared ask questions of National Guard commanders, or engage them in debate, were threatened with violence.A curfew was established, and protestors jumped fences after dark to plant flowers in the guarded lots. Guardsmen destroyed the flowers each morning. Some protestors, their faces hidden with scarves, challenged police and National Guard troops. Hundreds were arrested, and Berkeley citizens who found it necessary to venture out during curfew hours risked police harassment and beatings. Berkeley city police officers were discovered to be parking several blocks away from the Annex park, removing their badges/identification and donning grotesque Halloween type maskes (ironically including pig faces) to go inflict violence upon citizens they found in the park annex.
Flower Children vs.The Establishment ; these differing perspectives mirrored widespread 1960s societal tensions that tended to flow along generational lines regarding the war in Vietnam, race relations, sexual mores, women's rights, traditional modes of authority, experimentation with psychedelic drugs and opposing interpretations ofThe American Dream . [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840109,00.html Occupied Berkeley] ,May 30 ,1969 . AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .] In a University referendum held soon after, the U.C. Berkeley students themselves voted 12,719 to 2,175 in favor of keeping the park.cite news
author = [unattributed]
title = Occupied Berkeley
url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840109-1,00.html
work =Time Magazine
publisher =Time Inc.
date =30 May 1969
accessdate = 2007-01-14]On
May 30 ,1969 , 30,000 Berkeley citizens (out of a population of 100,000) secured a Berkeley city permit and marched without incident past barricaded People's Park to protest Governor Reagan's occupation of their city, the death of James Rector, the blinding of Alan Blanchard and the many injuries inflicted by law enforcement.Lowe, Joan. [http://www.afsc.org/about/hist/2002/peoples_park.htm People's Park, Berkeley] , November 2002. AccessedJuly 23 ,2008 .] Young girls slid flowers down the muzzles of bayonetted National Guard rifles, and a small airplane flew over the city trailing a banner that read, "Let A Thousand Parks Bloom." [ [http://journalism.berkeley.edu/ngno/stories/026759.html North Gate News Online ] ]Almost a year after 'Bloody Thursday' and the death of James Rector, addressing the California Council of Growers at Yosemite, Reagan defended his actions, saying: "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with. No more appeasement." [citeweb|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E9_8gHXmqCgC&pg=RA1-PA295&lpg=RA1-PA295&source=web&ots=n5G4ncVUcb&sig=ngmR8OIbFMn7kOZOXqNl8cXhqQQ&hl=en|title=Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power|accessdate=2008-03-10|page=295|author=Lou Cannon|date=2003|publisher=Public Affairs|isbn=158648284X] Less than a month later, on
May 4 ,1970 , similar violence erupted at Kent State University, killing four students and seriously wounding nine. No police officers, Alameda County Sheriff's deputies or National Guardsmen were disciplined for their actions in the Bloody Thursday incident.People's Park Annex/Ohlone Park
Another lasting outcome of the confrontation over People's Park was the establishment of "People's Park Annex" on a strip of land called the "Hearst Corridor," located adjacent to Hearst Avenue just northwest of the University campus. People's Park Annex was eventually enlarged to become the City of Berkeley's
Ohlone Park . At convert|9.8|acre|m2, Ohlone Park is several times larger than People's Park itself.In the immediate aftermath of the May, 1969 People's Park demonstrations, and consistent with their goal of "letting a thousand parks bloom," People's Park activists began gardening a two-block section of the Hearst Corridor, between McGee Ave. and Sacramento Ave. The Hearst Corridor was a strip of land located along the north side of Hearst Ave. that had been left largely untended after the houses had been torn down to facilitate completion of an underground subway line by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART).
During the 1970s local residents, especially George Garvin, pursued gardening and user development of this land, which became known as "People's Park Annex." Later on, additional volunteers donated time and energy to the Annex, led by David Axelrod and Charlotte Pyle, urban gardeners who were among the original organizers of the People's Park Project/ Native Plant Forum. The Forum is a student and community group of gardeners and park volunteers sponsored by the Associated Students of the University of California (ASUC) and dedicated to the principles of user development and community control.
As neighborhood and community groups stepped up their support for the preservation and development of the Annex, BART abandoned its original plan to build apartment complexes on Hearst Corridor. The City of Berkeley negotiated with BART to secure permanent above-ground rights to the entire five block strip of land, between Martin Luther King Jr. Way and Sacramento Ave. By the early 1980s, this land had become a city park comprising convert|9.8|acre|m2, which residents decided to name "Ohlone Park" in honor of the Ohlone band of native Americans who once lived there.
Today the Berkeley Parks and Recreation Commission mediates neighborhood and community feedback with regard to issues of park design and the maintenance, operation, and development of Ohlone Park amenities. These amenities—which include pedestrian and bicycle paths, children's playgrounds, a dog park, basketball and volleyball courts, a softball/soccer field, restrooms, picnic areas and community gardens—continue to serve the people and pets of Berkeley.
ubsequent history and current events
During subsequent years, the convert|2.8|acre|m2|sing=on plot of land known as "People's Park" has remained a focus of controversy between the University, and disparate elements of the Berkeley community. Please see "Timeline" below.
Berkeley Mayor
Tom Bates has stated that "over time, people have come to realize that the park has not become what they had hoped it would be...I love the idea of having some kind of memorial recognition there, but right now it is not a place that a lot of people are comfortable going to." Current UC Berkeley students experience People’s Park in a much different way than did UC Berkeley students from the 1960s and 1970s. [cite news |first=Tamara |last=Keith |authorlink=Tamara Keith |title=People's Park Is Melting in the Dark... |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1999/0414/keith.html |work=The Berkeleyan |publisher=The Regents of the University of California |date=April 14 ,1999 |accessdate=2007-02-11] Now, during welcome orientations, freshmen students living in dormitories in the vicinity of People’s Park are warned to stay away for safety concerns, especially at night.Fact|date=August 2007Dan Siegel has said recently that the park "has now become this somewhat forlorn urban park... It's a place that no longer reflects the will for independence of the campus community. I think today if the university turned off its
Wi-Fi , they’d get bigger demonstrations than they would for People's Park."On
January 8 ,2007 , at his retirement ceremony celebrating 50-plus years in law enforcement, outgoing Alameda County Sheriff Charles Plummer remained unrepentant about his role as a Berkeley police officer during the People's Park riots:
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