Ludlow Typograph

A Ludlow Typograph is a hot metal typesetting system used in letterpress printing. The device casts bars, or slugs of type, out of type metal primarily consisting of lead. These slugs are used for the actual printing, and then are melted down and recycled on the spot.

The Ludlow system uses molds, known as matrices or mats, which are hand-set into a special composing stick. Thus the composing process resembles that used in cold lead type printing. Once a line has been completed, the composing stick is inserted into the Ludlow machine, which clamps it firmly in place above the mold. Hot lead is then injected through the mold into the matrices, allowed to cool, and then the bottom of the slug is trimmed just before it is ejected. The operator then replaces the matrices, or mats, back into the typecase by hand. Since the mats are of a consistent height, irrespective of typeface size, they are easier to handle than lead type.

The primary functional difference between a Ludlow Typograph and a Linotype is that the latter uses a keyboard to compose each line of type, where as Ludlow uses hand-set mats. The machine is much simpler, takes up less floor space, and the initial investment in the machine and mats is more affordable for a small print shop than a Linotype, primarily used by larger printers and formerly in newspapers. (Neither the Ludlow Typograph nor the Linotype are currently made; however, both machines can still be serviced, and parts and mats are readily available.)

The true worth of the Ludlow lays in the fact that the printer always has fresh, clean type to print from, and never has to worry about running out of sorts. The Ludlow is used primarily for headline-sized type 14 point and above, although mats were formerly made in many typefaces as small as 6 points. The mats themselves were made out of a brass alloy. One thing an operator has to make sure of is that the line is solidly locked down with no gaps between the mats, and the composing stick in its proper place. Because of the pressure at which the type metal is forced into the mold cavity, any gaps in the line will lead to a 'squirt' of hot metal (and any print shop that has or had a Ludlow will often have spots of type metal on the ceiling above the machine's location or on the wall behind the machine -- or even on the belly of the operator).

The machine has a heated crucible for the hot type metal, with a mechanically actuated plunger which operates as part of the injection cycle. The pot on the machine was usually left on overnight during the week, with some flux added to the pot to reduce oxidation. At the end of each week, the plunger assembly had to be dissasembled (while hot), removed, and the pump well cleaned using a scraper (as with linecasting machines). After reassembly, heat was removed for the weekend. In the present day, most machines are heated up only for that day's casting, with the heat turned off each night.

The principal typographer at Ludlow was R. Hunter Middleton (1898-1985), creator of several notable font designs, including Coronet, Delphian Open Title, Eusebius, Flair, Radiant, Record Gothic, Stellar, Tempo, Umbra and many others. Other noted designers for Ludlow included Robert Weibking (1870-1927), Douglas McMurtrie (1897-1944) and Hermann Zapf (1918- ), whose Optima and Palatino were among the last faces cut for Ludlow.

; References
* [http://www.apa-letterpress.com/T%20%26%20P%20ARTICLES/Typecasting/Ludlow%20Typograph.html Amalgamated Printer's Association]
* [http://www.woodsidepress.com/LUDLOW.HTML Woodside Press]
* American Metal Typefaces of the Twentieth Century, Mac McGrew, Oak Knoll Books, 1993
* [http://www.bpsnet.org.uk British Printing Society]