Fort Dearborn massacre

Fort Dearborn massacre

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Fort Dearborn massacre
partof=the War of 1812


caption=
date=August 15, 1812
place=Chicago
result=Indian & British victory
combatant1=Potawatomi,
United Kingdom
combatant2=United States
commander1=Chief Blackbird
commander2=Nathan Heald
strength1=500+
strength2=69 military + civilian dependants
casualties1=15
casualties2=39 military + 27 civilians

The Fort Dearborn massacre occurred on August 15, 1812, near Fort Dearborn, Illinois Territory (in what is now Chicago, Illinois) during the War of 1812. The massacre followed the evacuation of the fort as ordered by the U.S. General William Hull. This event is also sometimes known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn.

Fort Dearborn's commander Captain Nathan Heald ordered all whiskey and gunpowder to be destroyed so it would not be seized by the local Indian tribes allied with the British, although he had agreed to these terms a few hours before. He then prepared to abandon his post. Heald remained at Fort Dearborn until support arrived from Fort Wayne, Indiana, led by his wife's uncle, Captain William Wells. A column of 148 soldiers, women and children then left Fort Dearborn intending to march to Fort Wayne. However, about one and a half miles (2 km) south of Fort Dearborn, at around what is now 18th Street and Prairie Avenue, [cite book|author=Chicago School of Architecture Foundation |coauthors=Prairie Avenue Historic District Committee |title=Prairie Avenue Historic District |accessdate=2007-11-14|year=1975 |month=June ] a band of Potawatomi warriors ambushed the garrison, killing more than fifty and capturing the remainder as prisoners to sell to the British as slaves. The British purchased the captives and released them immediately afterwards.

Fort Dearborn was burned to the ground, and the region remained empty of U.S. citizens until after the war had ended. The massacre is commemorated on the flag of Chicago as the first red star. [ [http://www.chipublib.org/004chicago/red1.html First Red Star] ]

Survivors' accounts differed on the role of the Miami warriors. Some said they fought for the Americans, while others said they did not fight at all. Regardless, William Henry Harrison claimed the Miami fought against the Americans, and used the Fort Dearborn massacre as a pretext to attack Miami villages. Miami chief Pacanne and his nephew, Jean Baptiste Richardville, ended their neutrality in the War of 1812 and allied with the British. [Birzer, Bradley J. " [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/825.html Miamis] ." Encyclopedia of Chicago.]

References

External links

* [http://www.prairieghosts.com/dearborn.html The Fort Dearborn Massacre]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org Encyclopedia of Chicago] . ©2005. Chicago Historical Society.


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