Pleiotrophin

Pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1), also known as PTN, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTN pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5764| accessdate = ]

Pleiotrophin or Neurite Growth-promoting Factor 1 (NEGF1), also called Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) or Heparin Binding Growth associated molecule (HB-GAM) is an 18-kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. It is structurally related to midkine and retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein.

Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birthcite journal | author = Rauvala H, Pihlaskari R | title = Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 262 | issue = 34 | pages = 16625–35 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3680268 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/262/34/16625 ] and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue.cite journal | author = Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, Watson MA, Hoffman RM, Kodner CM, Milbrandt J, Deuel TF | title = Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity | journal = Science | volume = 250 | issue = 4988 | pages = 1690–4 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2270483 | doi = 10.1126/science.2270483 | issn = ] Together with midkine these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteinscite journal | author = Laaroubi K, Vacherot F, Delbé J, Caruelle D, Barritault D, Courty J | title = Biochemical and mitogenic properties of the heparin-binding growth factor HARP | journal = Prog. Growth Factor Res. | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–34 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8714367 | doi = | issn = ] now known as the Neurite Growth-promoting Factor (NEGF) family. During embryonic and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and also in several non-neural tissues, notably lung, kidney, gut and bone.cite journal | author = Vanderwinden JM, Mailleux P, Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ | title = Cellular distribution of the new growth factor pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues | journal = Anat. Embryol. | volume = 186 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–406 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1416088 | doi = | issn = ] Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several tumor cells and is thought to be involved in tumor angiogenesis.cite journal | author = Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T | title = Midkine and pleiotrophin in neural development and cancer | journal = Cancer Lett. | volume = 204 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–43 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15013213 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00450-6 | issn = ] In the adult central nervous system Pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the hippocampuscite journal | author = Wanaka A, Carroll SL, Milbrandt J | title = Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat | journal = Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–44 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8453763 | doi = | issn = ] cite journal | author = Lauri SE, Taira T, Kaila K, Rauvala H | title = Activity-induced enhancement of HB-GAM expression in rat hippocampal slices | journal = Neuroreport | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1670–4 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8904779 | doi = | issn = ] where it can suppress long term potentiation induction.cite journal | author = Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H | title = Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice | journal = Mol. Cell. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 330–42 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12093164 | doi = 10.1006/mcne.2002.1104 | issn = ] Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult brain, but it can be induced by ischemic insults.cite journal | author = Takeda A, Onodera H, Sugimoto A, Itoyama Y, Kogure K, Rauvala H, Shibahara S | title = Induction of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule expression in reactive astrocytes following hippocampal neuronal injury | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–64 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7477935 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00110-5 | issn = ] cite journal | author = Yeh HJ, He YY, Xu J, Hsu CY, Deuel TF | title = Upregulation of pleiotrophin gene expression in developing microvasculature, macrophages, and astrocytes after acute ischemic brain injury | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 18 | issue = 10 | pages = 3699–707 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9570800 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/10/3699 ]

References

Further reading

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*cite journal | author=Milner PG, Shah D, Veile R, "et al." |title=Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and chromosome localization of the human pleiotrophin gene. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=31 |issue= 48 |pages= 12023–8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1457401 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Li YS, Hoffman RM, Le Beau MM, "et al." |title=Characterization of the human pleiotrophin gene. Promoter region and chromosomal localization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 36 |pages= 26011–6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1464612 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tezuka K, Takeshita S, Hakeda Y, "et al." |title=Isolation of mouse and human cDNA clones encoding a protein expressed specifically in osteoblasts and brain tissues. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=173 |issue= 1 |pages= 246–51 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1701634 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Wellstein A, Fang WJ, Khatri A, "et al." |title=A heparin-binding growth factor secreted from breast cancer cells homologous to a developmentally regulated cytokine. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 4 |pages= 2582–7 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1733956 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Decker MM, "et al." |title=Cloning, characterization and developmental regulation of two members of a novel human gene family of neurite outgrowth-promoting proteins. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–114 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1768439 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, "et al." |title=Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity. |journal=Science |volume=250 |issue= 4988 |pages= 1690–4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2270483 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Huber D, Gautschi-Sova P, Böhlen P |title=Amino-terminal sequences of a novel heparin-binding protein from human, bovine, rat, and chick brain: high interspecies homology. |journal=Neurochem. Res. |volume=15 |issue= 4 |pages= 435–9 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2388713 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Asundi VK, Carey DJ |title=Self-association of N-syndecan (syndecan-3) core protein is mediated by a novel structural motif in the transmembrane domain and ectodomain flanking region. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 44 |pages= 26404–10 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7592855 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Raulo E, Chernousov MA, Carey DJ, "et al." |title=Isolation of a neuronal cell surface receptor of heparin binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM). Identification as N-syndecan (syndecan-3). |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 17 |pages= 12999–3004 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8175719 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fabri L, Maruta H, Muramatsu H, "et al." |title=Structural characterisation of native and recombinant forms of the neurotrophic cytokine MK. |journal=J. Chromatogr. |volume=646 |issue= 1 |pages= 213–25 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8408430 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Hulmes JD, "et al." |title=Genomic organization of the human HBNF gene and characterization of an HBNF variant protein as a splice mutant. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 420–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484754 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1432
*cite journal | author=Hulmes JD, Seddon AP, Decker MM, Böhlen P |title=Comparison of the disulfide bond arrangements of human recombinant and bovine brain heparin binding neurite-promoting factors. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 738–46 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484780 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1476
*cite journal | author=Kinnunen T, Raulo E, Nolo R, "et al." |title=Neurite outgrowth in brain neurons induced by heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) depends on the specific interaction of HB-GAM with heparan sulfate at the cell surface. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 4 |pages= 2243–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8567685 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791–806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Masuda H, Tsujimura A, Yoshioka M, "et al." |title=Bone mass loss due to estrogen deficiency is compensated in transgenic mice overexpressing human osteoblast stimulating factor-1. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=238 |issue= 2 |pages= 528–33 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9299545 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7188
*cite journal | author=Milev P, Chiba A, Häring M, "et al." |title=High affinity binding and overlapping localization of neurocan and phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta with tenascin-R, amphoterin, and the heparin-binding growth-associated molecule. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 12 |pages= 6998–7005 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9507007 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fages C, Kaksonen M, Kinnunen T, "et al." |title=Regulation of mRNA localization by transmembrane signalling: local interaction of HB-GAM (heparin-binding growth-associated molecule) with the cell surface localizes beta-actin mRNA. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=111 ( Pt 20) |issue= |pages= 3073–80 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9739080 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Zhang N, Zhong R, Deuel TF |title=Domain structure of pleiotrophin required for transformation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 19 |pages= 12959–62 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10224041 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bernard-Pierrot I, Héroult M, Lemaître G, "et al." |title=Glycosaminoglycans promote HARP/PTN dimerization. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=266 |issue= 2 |pages= 437–42 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10600521 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1835
*cite journal | author=Meng K, Rodriguez-Peña A, Dimitrov T, "et al." |title=Pleiotrophin signals increased tyrosine phosphorylation of beta beta-catenin through inactivation of the intrinsic catalytic activity of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 6 |pages= 2603–8 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10706604 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.020487997

See also

* Signal transduction
* Cytokine
* Angiogenesis
* Human Genome Organisation

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