Sadegh Khalkhali

Ayatollah Sadeq Givi aka Sadegh Khalkhali (Persian) (July 27, 1926 – November 26, 2003) was a hardline Twelver Shi'a cleric of the Islamic Republic of Iran who is said to have "brought to his job as Chief Justice of the revolutionary courts a relish for summary execution" that earned him a reputation as Iran's "hanging judge". [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/28/db2802.xml&sSheet=/portal/2003/11/28/ixportal.html Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali] "The Daily Telegraph" 28 November 2003] A farmer's son born in Givi, Azerbaijan SSR (now in Azerbaijan Republic) [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-914881/Sadeq-Khalkhali] in appearance Khalkhali was "a small, rotund man with a pointed beard, kindly smile, and a high-pitched giggle." He was married with a son. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1096666,00.html Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali] ]

Revolutionary and Islamic governmental activities

Khalkhali is known to have been one of Khomeini's circle of disciples as far back as 1955 [Taheri, Amir, "Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution ", Adler and Adler c1985, p.113 ] and is reported to have reconstructed the former secret society of Islamic assassins known as the Fadayan-e Islam after its suppression. [Taheri, "Spirit of Allah", (1985), p.187] , but was not a well-known figure to the public prior to the Islamic Revolution.

On February 24, 1979, however, Khalkhali was chosen by Ayatollah Khomeini to be the "Sharia ruler" (حاکم شرع in Persian) or head the newly established Revolutionary Courts, and to make Islamic rulings. In the early days of the revolution he sentenced to death "hundreds of former government officials" on charges such as "spreading corruption on earth" and "warring against God." [Molavi, Afshin, "The Soul of Iran", Norton and Co., (2005) p.9] Most of the condemned did not have access to a lawyer or a jury.

Khalkhali is famous for ordering the executions of Amir Abbas Hoveida, [ [http://www.hoveyda.org/ck-ldn.html Hoveyda’s Tragic Fate ] ] the Shah's long time prime minister, and Nematollah Nassiri, a former head of SAVAK. According to one report, after sentencing Hoveida to death

pleas for clemency poured in from all over the world and it was said that Khalkhali was told by telephone to stay the execution. Khalkhali replied that he would go and see what was happening. He then went to Hoveida and either shot him himself or instructed a minion to do the deed. "I'm sorry," he told the person at the other end of the telephone, "the sentence has already been carried out."

Another version of the story has Khalkhali saying that while presiding over Hoveida's execution he made sure communication links between Evin and the outside world were severed, "to prevent any last-minute intercession on his behalf by Mehdi Bazargan, the provisional prime minister." ["Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran" by Ervand Abrahamian, (University of California Press, 1999), p.127]

His style of "justice" resulted in the nickname "Kholkholi" (crazy).

By trying Hoveida, Khalkhali effectively undermined the position of the provisional prime minister of the Islamic Revolution, the moderate Mehdi Bazargan, who disapproved of the Islamic Revolutionary Court and sought to establish the Revolution's reputation for justice and moderation.

Khalkhali was known for his antipathy towards pre-Islamic Iran. In 1979 he wrote a book "branding king Cyrus the Great a tyrant, a liar, and a homosexual" and "called for the destruction of the Cyrus tomb and remains of the two-thousand-year-old Persian palace in Shiraz, Fars Province, the Persepolis." [Molavi, Afshan, "The Soul of Iran", Norton, (2005), p.14] According an interview by Elaine Sciolino of Shiraz-based Ayatollah Majdeddin Mahallati, Khalkhali came to Persepolis with "a band of thugs" and gave an angry speech demanding that "the faithful torch the silk-lined tent city and the grandstand that the Shah had built," but was driven off by stone-throwing local residents. [Sciolino, Elaine, "Persian Mirrors," Touchstone, (2000), p.168 ]
Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Reza Shah's mausoleum was destroyed under the direction of Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali, which was sanctioned by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

At the height of the Iran hostage crisis in 1980 following the failure of the American rescue mission Operation Eagle Claw and crash of U.S. helicopters killing their crews, Khalkhali appeared on television "ordering the bags containing the dismembered limbs of the dead servicemen to be split open so that the blackened remains could be picked over and photographed," to the anger of American viewers.

Khalkhali later investigated and ordered the execution of many activists for federalism in Kurdistan and Turkmen Sahra, At the height of its activity Khalkhali's revolutionary court sentenced to death "up to 60 Kurds a day." Following that, in August 1980 he was asked by President Banisadr to take charge of trying and sentencing drug dealers, and sentenced hundreds to death. [Bakhash, Shaul, "The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution", New York, Basic Books, (1984), p.111] Ironically, one of the complaints of the revolution's leader and Khalkhali's superior, the Ayatollah Khomeini against the regime they had overthrown was that the Shah's far more limited number of executions of drug traffickers had been `inhuman.` [Bakhash, "Reign of the Ayatollahs", (1984), p.111]

In December 1980 his influenced waned when he was forced to resign from the revolutionary courts because of his failure to account for $14 million seized through drug raids, confiscations, and fines," although some believe this as much the doing of President Bani-Sadr and the powerful head of the Islamic Republic Party Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti "working behind the scenes" to remove a source of bad publicity for the revolution, as a matter of outright corruption. [Bakhash, "Reign of the Ayatollahs", (1984), p.111] [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DE113AF931A35752C0A964958260 Qaddafi Meets an Ayatollah] January 2, 1992]

In an interview, Khalkhali personally confirmed ordering more than 100 executionsFact|date=February 2007, although many sources believe that by the time of his death he had sent 8,000 men and women to their deaths. In some cases he was the executionerFact|date=February 2007, where he executed his victims using machine gunsFact|date=February 2007. In an interview with the French newspaper Le Figaro he is quoted as saying, "If my victims were to come back on earth, I would execute them again, without exceptions."

Khalkhali was elected as representative for Qom in Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian parliament) for two terms, serving for "more than a decade." In 1992, however, he was one of 39 incumbents from the Third Majles and 1000 or so candidates rejected that winter and spring by the Council of Guardians, which vets candidates. The reason given was a failure to show a `practical commitment to Islam and to the Islamic government,` but it was thought by some to be a purge of radical critics of the conservatives in power. [Brumberg, Daniel, "Reinventing Khomeini : The Struggle for Reform in Iran", University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.175] Controversially, he was one of the reformists and supporters of president Khatami's movement.Fact|date=May 2008

Qom seminary

Khalkhali retired to Qom, where he taught Islamic seminarians.

He died in 2003, at the age of 77, of cancer and heart disease. [ [http://www.economist.com/people/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2282169 Obituary] from The Economist] [ [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/28/db2802.xml&sSheet=/portal/2003/11/28/ixportal.html Obituary] from telegraph.co.uk] [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1096666,00.html Obituary] from Guardian Unlimited (gives his full name as "Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali")]

ee also

*History of fundamentalist Islam in Iran
*Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi
*Majead Ansari
*Reza Shah's mausoleum

Further reading

V. S. Naipaul interviews Khalkhali in two of his well known books
*"Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey" (1981) ISBN 978-0394711959
*"Beyond Belief: Islamic Excursions among the Converted Peoples" (1998) [part II, chapter 7] ISBN 978-0316643610

Notes

External links

* [http://www.economist.com/people/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2282169 Obituary] from The Economist
* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/28/db2802.xml&sSheet=/portal/2003/11/28/ixportal.html Obituary] from telegraph.co.uk
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1096666,00.html Obituary] from Guardian Unlimited (gives his full name as "Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali")
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DE113AF931A35752C0A964958260 Qaddafi Meets an Ayatollah] January 2, 1992