List of political parties in Malaysia

List of political parties in Malaysia
Malaysia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Malaysia



Other countries · Atlas
Politics portal
view · talk · edit

This article lists political parties in Malaysia. While enjoying regular elections and political stability, Malaysia's institutional systems and infrastructure generally provide for a one-party dominant state in what has been described by observers as being a paradox of semi-authoritarian rule in a participatory political system that has brought about the development of a syncretic state.[1]

Contents

Brief history and overview

Early developments

Early organised political movements in Malaysia were organised along regional and ethnic groups and were not political parties in the modern sense. They generally were loose alliances of interest groups and individuals primarily concerned with social welfare, social progress and religious reform among the Muslim Malay communities similar to interest groups and civil society organizations of today.[2]

Religious reformers

Religious reformers played a large role in developing and disseminating ideas with magazines and periodicals like al-Imam' published in Singapore by Tahir Jalaluddin between 1906 to 1908, and al-Munir published in Penang by Abdullah Ahmad between 1911 to 1916. These in turn were primarily influenced by the Egyptian Islamic reform magazine, al-Manar published in Cairo by Rashid Rida from 1898 to 1936.[3] While these publications were primarily concerned with the Islamic religion, it also touched extensively on the social, political and economic conditions of the Malays.[4]

One of the first such movements was the New Hope Society (Malay: Persekutuan Pengharapan Belia) that was established in Johor Bahru in 1916. On September 14, 1923, a movement was established in Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt by students from British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies known as the Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah (renamed in 1937 to the Indonesia Malaya Convention or Perhimpunan Indonesia Malaya; PERPINDOM).[5] Composed primarily of students influenced by the Young Turks movement and later the Muslim Brotherhood, the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like Osman Abdullah's Seruan Al-Azhar (English: Al-Azhar Clarion) and Pilehan Timur (English: Oriental Choice).[6]

Teachers' unions

The Sultan Idris Training College for Malay teachers in Tanjung Malim was fertile ground for the exchange of ideas. The establishment of the Selangor Malay Teachers Association (Malay: Persatuan Guru-guru Melayu Selangor) in 1921 by Muhammad Yusof paved the way for similar organizations to be set up in the other Federated Malay States and a magazine known as Majalah Guru (English: Teacher's Magazine) was published in 1923. This magazine allowed for the discussion of larger socio-economic issues as well political issues, establishing itself as one of the influences in the development of Malay nationalism.[7][8]

Self-help societies

Various self-help societies like the Maharani Company in Muar, Johor and the Serikat Pembaikan Hidup (Malay: Life Improvement Society) organised by Mohamad Eunos Abdullah of the Singapore Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Singapura) established co-operatives and communes to help improve the socio-economic conditions of the Malay peasants and smallholders. They too utilized newspapers and periodicals like the Maharani Company published Perjumpaan Melayu (English: Malay Convergence) to disseminate ideas and encourage discourse on issues pertaining to the social, political and economic conditions of the Malay people.[9][10]

Early political organizations

Singapore Malay Union

The Singapore Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Singapura; KMS) was established in 1926[11] by Mohamad Eunos Abdullah, Tengku Kadir Ali and Embok Suloh with the aim of increasing the role of Malays in public life, upholding Malay interests with the colonial authorities, and promote higher and technical education for Malays.[12] Eunos himself was a Justice of Peace, a member of the Muslim Advisory Board set up by the colonial administration during World War I and a member of the Singapore Municipal Council. In his capacity as the chairman of the KMS, he became the first Malay member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements. One of the first issues championed by the KMS was the appeal for land to be set aside for a Malay settlement. The appeal was granted and a sum of $ 700,000 was set aside for the KMS to purchase and develop the land. This settlement has evolved and is now part of the Eunos neighbourhood in Singapore.[13]

The KMS also became the catalyst for the establishment of similar organizations in the other states of the British Malaya such as the Penang Malay Association (founded in 1927) and the Perak Malay Association (founded in 1937).[7] People associated with the KMS included the first President of Singapore, Yusof Ishak. The KMS survived World War II and entered into a political coalition with the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association to form the Singapore Alliance Party. It however eventually faded away with the electoral defeats of the Alliance in the 1955 legislative elections in Singapore.[7][14]

Communist Party of Malaya

The first political party to be organized with a pan-Malayan outlook was the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) established in 1930. The CPM was originally set up as a branch of the Comintern supervised by the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of China in 1926. It was then known as the South Seas Communist Party. The fraternal Communist Party of Indonesia (established in 1924) was by then underground or in exile due to their abortive revolt in 1926. This resulted in the CPM being almost exclusively dominated by people of Chinese descent. Efforts to establish a broader based representation were made especially in the 1935 representative conferences between the CPM and the General Labour Union as well as the establishment of contact with Communist cells in Siam and the Dutch East Indies in 1936. Nonetheless, the CPM remained an organization that was predominantly Chinese in composition until the Japanese occupation of Malaya which saw a larger participation of people from other ethnicties.[15]

Young Malay Union

The Young Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Muda; KMM) was established in Kuala Lumpur in 1938 under the leadership of Ibrahim Yaacob. While registered as a social organization working to improve Malay youths in sports, education, agriculture, health and other recreational pursuits, the primary aim of the KMM was to struggle for the political independence of all the Malayan states from Britain and oppose British imperialism. While gaining significant support from the larger Malay community, the KMM failed to gain support from the Malay aristocrats and bureaucracy and on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Malaya, more than 100 KMM members were arrested by the authorities for collaboration.

All were released after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. On January 14, 1942, a KMM delegation led by vice-president, Mustapha Hussain, met with the Japanese authorities to negotiate for the independence of Malaya. The Japanese authorities instead disbanded KMM and established the Pembela Tanah Ayer (also known as the Malai Giyu Gun or by its Malay acronym PETA) militia in its stead. Most who joined PETA were also part of the underground KMM Youth League who continued to struggle for an independent Malaya and some cooperated with the CPM sponsored Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army and other anti-Japanese guerilla units like Force 136 and Wataniah.

With the surrender of Japan in August 1945, former KMM cadres formed the nucleus of the emerging political movements like the Malay Nationalist Party, Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, and Angkatan Wanita Sedar [16][17][18]..

The parties

Federal parties

Coalitions and parties that have a nationwide presence and participates in elections in more than one state.

Major parties

For the purposes of this list, major parties denote coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia or the state Legislative Assemblies, or have participated in elections within the last 10 years.

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Founded URL
National Front

   United Malays National Organisation *
   Malaysian Chinese Association
   Malaysian Indian Congress
   Malaysian People's Movement Party
   People's Progressive Party
   United Bumiputera Heritage Party
   Sarawak United People's Party
   Sabah United Party **
   Liberal Democratic Party
   United Sabah People's Party
   United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation
   Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party
   Sarawak People's Party

Barisan Nasional

   Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu
   Persatuan Cina Malaysia
   Kongres India Malaysia
   Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia
   Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia
   Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
   Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak
   Parti Bersatu Sabah
   Parti Liberal Demokratik
   Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah
   Pertubuhan Pasok Momogun Kadazandusun Murut Bersatu
   Parti Demokratik Progresif Sarawak
   Parti Rakyat Sarawak

BN

UMNO
MCA
MIC
GERAKAN
PPP
PBB
SUPP
PBS
LDP
PBRS
UPKO
SPDP
PRS

1973

1988
1949
1946
1968
1953
1973
1959
1985
1988
1994
1994
2002
2004

[1]

[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] 
[7]
[8]
[9]
 
 
[10]
 
 

People's Pact

   People's Justice Party
   Democratic Action Party
   Islamic Party of Malaysia ***

Pakatan Rakyat

   Parti Keadilan Rakyat
   Parti Tindakan Demokratik
   Parti Islam Se-Malaysia

PR

PKR
DAP
PAS

2008

2003
1966
1955

 

[11]
[12]
[13]

Malaysian People's Party Parti Rakyat Malaysia PRM 1955 [14]
Sarawak National Party **** Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak SNAP 1961 [15]
Socialist Party of Malaysia Parti Sosialis Malaysia PSM 1998 [16]
Malaysian Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Malaysia MDP 1998  
Sabah Progressive Party Parti Maju Sabah SAPP 1994 [17]
* UMNO, which was originally founded in 1946 was deregistered in 1988 and the Prime Minister of Malaysia formed a new party known as United Malays National Organisation (Baru) on February 16, 1988. The term "Baru" or "New" was removed by a constitutional amendment on July of the same year.
** The United Sabah Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah) was a member of Barisan Nasional from its establishment until its withdrawal from the coalition in 1990. The party rejoined the coalition in 2002.[19]
*** The Malaysian Islamic Party entered into a coalition with the former Alliance Party in 1972 and subsequently joined the Barisan Nasional coalition when it was founded in 1974. It withdrew from the coalition in 1977.[20]
**** The Sarawak National Party joined Perikatan in 1963 but was expelled in 1965, rejoined again the new Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was expelled again from the coalition in 2004.[21] SNAP joined Pakatan Rakyat on 20 April 2010.[22][23][24] SNAP quits Pakatan Rakyat on 6 May 2011.[25]

Minor parties and other parties not represented in Parliament

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Symbol Founded URL
Malaysian Ceylonese Congress Parti Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia MCC 1958  [18]
Pan Malaysian Islamic Front Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia BERJASA 1977  
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia KIMMA 1977  
Malaysian Workers' Party Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia PPM 1978  
Punjabi Party of Malaysia [26] Parti Punjabi Malaysia PPM 1986  
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front Barisan Kemajuan India Se-Malaysia AMIPF 1990  
Malaysian People's Justice Front* Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia AKIM 1995  
Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia MIUP 2007  
Love Malaysia Party Parti Cinta Malaysia PCM 2009  
Malaysian Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia MMSP 2009  
Human Rights Party Parti Hak Asasi HRP Hrpm-logo.jpg 2009  
United Sarawak People's Economic Party** Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu PERSB 2010  
* The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986 [26] but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003.[27]

Note:

1. AKIM was later renamed as Malaysian People's Welfare Party (KITA) on December 13, 2010 by its new chairman,Datuk Zaid Ibrahim.

2. PERSB application is yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies (ROS),causing them to contest as independents in 2011 Sarawak state election.

Regional parties

Coalitions and parties that have a nationwide presence and participates in elections in only one state.

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Symbol Founded URL
Community Coalition Congress Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat CCC 1988  
Federated Sabah People's Front Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu BERSEKUTU  
Malaysian People's Justice Front Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia AKIM  
United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah SETIA  
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation Persatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu PASOK PASOK logo.png 1978 [19]
State Reform Party Parti Reformasi Negeri STAR 1996 [20]
** The Malaysian Dayak Congress was organised in 2005 [28] but has failed to obtain registration as a society to date. Candidates of the MDC have participated in elections as Independents or on other party's tickets.[29]

Coalition

Past and present coalition and allince pact of political parties in Malaysia and former Malaya.

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Symbol Founded Dissolved
National Front Barisan Nasional BN 1973
Peoples's Pact Pakatan Rakyat PR Parti Keadilan Rakyat.pngDemocratic Action Party logo.pngPAS logo.svg 2008
Alternative Front Barisan Alternatif BA Parti Keadilan Rakyat.pngDemocratic Action Party logo.pngPAS logo.svg 1998 2008
Ummah Unity Front Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah APU 1989 1996
People's Might Gagasan Rakyat GAGASAN 1989
Alliance Perikatan ALLIANCE
PERIKATAN
Alliance Party logo.png 1951 1973

Unregistered parties

Parties which are not registered, either in the process of registering, or registration application rejected or remain an unregistered political movement.

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Symbol Founded Dissolved
Hizb ut-Tahrir * Hizb ut-Tahrir HT Flag of Jihad.svg (1953)  [21]
Malaysian Dayak Congress ** Kongres Dayak Malaysia MDC (2005)  
National Student's Party*** Parti Mahasiswa Negara PMN (2008)  
Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front**** Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia MINDRAF (2009)  
* The Hizb ut-Tahrir is a international political movement with a branch in Malaysia.
** The Malaysian Dayak Congress was organised in 2005 [28] but has failed to obtain registration as a society to date. Candidates of the MDC have participated in elections as Independents or on other party's tickets.[29]
*** The National Student's Party was set up by a group university student but faced legal obstacle in registering for contravening the University and University College Act (UUCA).[30]
**** MINDRAF setup has been inactive since the formation of HINDRAF P. Uthayakumar's Human Right Party (HRP).[31]

Historic or defunct parties

This list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were established.

Name in English Name in Malay Acronym Symbol Founded Dissolved
Communist Party of Malaya * Parti Komunis Malaya CPM South Asian Communist Banner.svg 1930 1989
Malay Nationalist Party Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya PKMM 1945 1950
Malayan Democratic Union MDU 1945 1948
United Malays National Organisation Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu UMNO 1946 1988
Hizbul Muslimin Hizbul Muslimin 1948 1948
Alliance Party ** Parti Perikatan Alliance Party logo.png 1951 1974
Radical Party (Malaya) 1951 1952
Independence of Malaya Party Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya IMP 1951 1954
National Association of Perak Parti Kebangsaan Perak NAP 1953 1957
National Party Parti Negara 1953 1962
Labour Party of Malaya Parti Buruh Malaya LPM Labour Party of Malaya logo.png 1954 1969
Malayan Socialist Youth League 1956 1958
Malayan Party Parti Malaya 1956 1964
National Party of Sarawak Parti Negara Sarawak PANAS 1960 1968
United National Kadazan Organisation Parti Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu UNKO 1961 1964
United Sabah National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu USNO 1961 1991
Sarawak Native People's Front Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak BARJASA 1961 1968
United Pasok Momogun Organisation Pertubuhan Bersatu Pasok Momogun 1962 1964
Sarawak Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sarawak SCA 1962
Sarawak Native's Heritage Party Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak PESAKA 1962 1973
Sabah Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Sabah SCA 1962 1979
United Democratic Party Parti Demokratik Bersatu UDP 1962 1967
National Convention Party Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan PPK 1963 1965
MACHINDA Party Parti MACHINDA MACHINDA 1964
United Pasok-Momogun Kadazan Organisation Pertubuhan Bersatu Pasok-Momogun Kadazan UPKO 1964 1967
Sabah Indian Congress Kongres India Sabah SIC 1964
Bumiputera Party Parti Bumiputera 1967 1973
Marhaen Party Parti Marhaen 1968 1974
Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) * Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner) CPM-RF South Asian Communist Banner.svg 1970
Social Justice Party (Malaysia) Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia PEKEMAS 1971 1979
North Kalimantan Communist Party **** Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara NKCP South Asian Communist Banner.svg 1971 1990
Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) * Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis) CPM-ML South Asian Communist Banner.svg 1974
Independent People's Progressive Party 1974
Homeland Consciousness Union Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air KITA 1974
Sarawak People's National Party Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak 1974
Sabah People's United Front Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah BERJAYA 1975
Social Democratic Party Parti Sosial Demokratik SDP 1978
Sarawak Native's Party Parti Anak Jati Sarawak PAJAR 1978 1978
Sarawak United Democratic Party Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu BERSATU 1978
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia HAMIM 1983
Sarawak Native People's Party Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak PBDS 1983 2004
Sarawak United Labour Party Parti Buruh Bersatu Sarawak 1983
Sarawak United Bumiputera People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah BERSEPADU 1984
Nationalist Party of Malaysia Parti Nasionalis Malaysia NASMA 1985
Democratic Malaysian Indian Party Parti Demokratik India Malaysia DMIP 1985 1997
Sabah Chinese Party Parti Cina Sabah SCP 1986
Malaysian Solidarity Party Parti Solidariti Malaysia MSP 1986
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak PERMAS 1987 1991
Spirit of 46 Malay Party Parti Melayu Semangat 46 S46 1989 1996
Sabah People's Party Parti Rakyat Sabah 1989 1991
People's Justice Front Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat AKAR 1989 2001
United Action Party Parti Tindakan Bersatu 1990
Muslim Community Union of Malaysia ***** Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia IKATAN 1991 1999
* The Communist Party of Malaya operated legally from 1945-1948. After it was banned, the party went underground to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1970, the former 8th Regiment of the Malayan National Liberation Army, the armed wing of the CPM, broke away to form the Maoist CPM (Revolutionary Faction). In 1974, a third split occurred among cadres who wanted the CPM to end its ideological opposition to the larger Malaysian federation and formed the CPM (Marxist Leninist).[32]
** The Alliance Party was expanded to include other component parties beyond the original 3, UMNO, MCA and MIC, and renamed the National Front (Barisan Nasional)
*** The Malayan Ceylonese Congress never participated in any election and later evolved into a civic organization as the Malaysian Ceylonese Congress.
**** The North Kalimantan Communist Party never operated as a legal political entity.
***** The constitution of the party was amended to change the name of the party to the National Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Nasional) (keADILan).[33] This entity subsequently was renamed the People's Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Rakyat) (PKR).[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ [|Heufers, Rainer] (October 2002). "The Politics of Democracy in Malaysia". ASIEN - the German Journal on Contemporary Asia 85: 39–60. 
  2. ^ Weiss, Meredith Leigh (2006). Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change in Malaysia. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 60. ISBN 0804752958. 
  3. ^ Riddell, Peter G.; Tony Street, Anthony Hearle Johns (1997). Islam: Essays on Scripture, Thought and Society : A Festschrift in Honour of Anthony H. Johns. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9004106928. 
  4. ^ "Al Imam". Encyclopaedia of Singapore. http://www.singapedia.com.sg/entries/a/al_imam.html. Retrieved 2008-06-25. 
  5. ^ "Sejarah dan Perkembangan PPMI Mesir". Persatuan Pelajar dan Mahasiswa Indonesia - Mesir (Indonesian Students and Graduates Society - Egypt). http://www.ppmimesir.info/?pilih=hal&id=6. Retrieved 2008-06-25. 
  6. ^ [|Mohammad Redzuan Othman] (2005). Islam dan Masyarakat Melayu. Peranan dan Pengaruh Timur Tengah. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. pp. 210. ISBN 9831002709. 
  7. ^ a b c [|Roff, William R.] (1995). The Origins of Malay Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press (USA). pp. 352. ISBN 967653059X. 
  8. ^ Rustam A. Sani (2008). Social Roots of the Malay Left. Petaling Jaya: SIRD. pp. 80. ISBN 9833782442. 
  9. ^ A. M. Iskandar Ahmad (1980). Persuratkhabaran Melayu, 1876-1968. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. pp. 221. 
  10. ^ Ramlah Adam (1991). Maktab Melayu Melaka, 1900-1922. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. pp. 139. ISBN 9836223789. 
  11. ^ W. Roff 'Origins of Malay Nationalism' p. 190
  12. ^ "Muhammad Eunos Bin Abdullah". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. http://www.webcitation.org/5kx5sOqgV. Retrieved 2008-06-25. 
  13. ^ Lim, Lee Chin; Chan Soon Onn (2004). Pioneers of Singapore: Builders of Our Land. Singapore: Asiapac Books. pp. 139. ISBN 9812293876. 
  14. ^ Kernial Singh Sandhu; A. Mani (2006). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1006. ISBN 9812304185. 
  15. ^ [|Cheah, Boon Kheng] (1992). From PKI to the Comintern, 1924-1941: The Apprenticeship of the Malayan Communist Party. Ithaca: SEAP Publications. pp. 143. ISBN 0877271259. 
  16. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). From PKI to the Comintern, 1924-1941: The Apprenticeship of the Malayan Communist Party. Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 1791. ISBN 1576077705. 
  17. ^ Mohamed Amin; Malcolm Caldwell, Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation (1977). Malaya: The Making of a Neo-colony. Nottingham: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. pp. 265. ISBN 0851241905. 
  18. ^ Vasil, R. K.; Australian Institute of International Affairs (1971). Politics in a plural society: a study of non-communal political parties in West Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press for the Australian Institute of International Affairs. pp. 338. ISBN 0196381274. 
  19. ^ "Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS)". MalaysiaToday.com. 2008-06-05. http://www.malaysiatoday.com/Politic/parti-bersatu-sabah-pbs.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24. [dead link]
  20. ^ Hooker, M. B. (1983). Islam in South-East Asia. Boston: Brill Archive. pp. 203–204. ISBN 9004068449. 
  21. ^ Weiner, Myron; Ergun Özbudun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 129. ISBN 0822307669. 
  22. ^ Sarawak party joins Pakatan, 10 January 2010, malaysianmirror.com
  23. ^ Snap secara rasmi sertai Pakatan Rakyat, Christine Chan, 20 Apr 2010, Malaysiakini
  24. ^ SNAP now fourth PR member, 20 April 2010, MalaysianMirror
  25. ^ SNAP quits Pakatan
  26. ^ a b Patrick, Sennyah; Chow Kum Hor (2002-11-10). "Parti Punjabi willing to wait for admission into BN". New Straits Times (The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-82704776.html/. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
  27. ^ "Parti Punjabi forced to amend constitution". New Straits Times (The New Straits Times Press (M) Berhad). 2002-10-03. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2291944_ITM/. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
  28. ^ a b "In Search Of The Elusive Dayak Political Unity". Bernama. 2002-10-03. http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=197191/. Retrieved 2006-05-14. 
  29. ^ a b "It's All Systems Go For Sarawak BN". Bernama. 2008-02-09. http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=312885. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
  30. ^ University Students Form New Party, 7 January 2008, People are the boss
  31. ^ ANNOUNCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS PARTY (HRP), MALAYSIA.
  32. ^ Staar, Richard Phillip; Milorad M. Drachkovitch, Lewis H. Gann, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace (1975). Yearbook of International Communist Affairs. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 376. ISBN 0817914617. 
  33. ^ PKR watershed election, by Azam Aris, Tuesday 26 February 2008, The Edge
  34. ^ Malaysiakini : PKR launched, promises to be truly multi-racial

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • List of political parties in Singapore — Political parties in Singapore lists political parties in Singapore. Singapore, led by the People s Action Party, it is a dominant party state. Opposition parties are generally considered to have no real chance of gaining power. There are… …   Wikipedia

  • List of political parties in the Philippines — Evolution of political parties. Political parties in the Philippines are of diverse ideologies and are plentiful in number. The Philippines has a multi party system with numerous political parties, in which no one party often has a chance of… …   Wikipedia

  • Political parties in Yemen — Yemen This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Yemen …   Wikipedia

  • List of minority political parties — This is a list of Political parties of minorities.*Austria: Enotna Lista *Bolivia: Indigenous Pachakuti Movement, Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari *Bulgaria: Movement for Rights and Freedoms, Civil Union Roma , Euroroma *Croatia:… …   Wikipedia

  • List of communist parties — Communist parties …   Wikipedia

  • POLITICAL PARTIES — ▪ 1997        Political PartiesThe following Table (Political Parties) is a guide to the principal political parties and coalitions of the world. All countries that were independent on Dec. 31, 1996, are included, except the Vatican City State.… …   Universalium

  • Political Parties 2 — ▪ Table Political Parties       Parlia     Voting  mentary Country Affili strength represen   Name of party ation  (%)  tation  Afghanistan           Multifactional warfare from January 1993     Albania (May–June 1996)           Democratic Party… …   Universalium

  • List of Malaysia-related topics — This is a list of topics related to Malaysia.Buildings and structures in Malaysia* Angkasapuri * Berjaya Times Square * Chin Swee Temple * Connaught Bridge Power Station * Kellie s Castle * Kelong * Kota Ngah Ibrahim * Malay houses * Malaysian… …   Wikipedia

  • Political lists — This page is a list of political lists.List of annulled elections List of anti nuclear protests in the United States List of basic political science topics List of basic public affairs topics List of civic and political organizations List of… …   Wikipedia

  • Political Parties 3 — ▪ Table Parlia Voting mentary Country Affili strength represen Name of party ation (%) tation Afghanistan Interim parliament since January 1993 250 Albania (March 1992) Democratic Party CR 62.1 92 (75) Social Democratic Party …   Universalium

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”