Classic female blues

Classic female blues
Stylistic origins	African American folk music Work songs Spirituals
Cultural origins	Early 20th century, southern United States
Typical instruments	Piano · Double Bass · Drums · Vocals · Trumpet · Trombone
Mainstream popularity	1920s

Classic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female vocalists accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers of this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues.

History

Beginnings

Blues, a form of black folk music originating in the American south, functioned until about 1900 mainly as vocal work songs.^[1] Gertrude “Ma” Rainey (1886–1939), known as the “Mother of the Blues”, is credited as the first to perform the blues on stage as popular entertainment when she began incorporating blues into her act of show songs and comedy around 1902.^[2][3] Rainey had heard a woman singing about the man she’d lost, learned the song, and began using it as her closing number, calling it “the blues". Rainey's example was followed by other young women who followed her path in the tent show circuit, one of the few venues available to black performers. Most were booked on the black-owned T.O.B.A. (Theatre Owners Booking Association) circuit.

A key figure in popularizing the blues was composer W. C. Handy, who published the first of his blues songs in 1912.^[4] His compositions, notably "Memphis Blues'" and "St. Louis Blues", quickly became standards for blues singers. Songs modeled on Handy's were performed in black stage shows, and were performed and recorded by white vaudevillians such as Sophie Tucker.^[5]

1920s

In 1919, Handy and the Harlem songwriter and music publisher Perry Bradford began a campaign to convince record companies that black consumers would eagerly purchase recordings by black performers. Bradford's persistence finally persuaded the General Phonograph Company to record the New York-based cabaret singer Mamie Smith in their Okeh studio on February 14, 1920. There they recorded two non-blues songs which, when released without fanfare that summer, produced a great sales success.^[6] On August 10, Mamie Smith became the first black woman to record the blues^[7] when she was brought back into the studio to record “Crazy Blues". The record sold over 75,000 copies in its first month, an extraordinary figure for the time.^[7] Smith became known as “America’s First Lady of the Blues”. Blues became a nationwide craze, and the recording industry actively scouted, booked and recorded hundreds of black female singers.

Marketed exclusively to African-American consumers,^[1] largely by advertisements in black newspapers such as The Chicago Defender and the Pittsburgh Courier, the blues recordings were typically labeled as "race records" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well^[8]—for instance, Lucille Hegamin's recordings on the Paramount label in 1922, which were issued as part of the label's "popular" series rather than its "race" series.^[9]

Bessie Smith would become the highest-paid black artist of the 1920s.

The most popular of the classic blues singers was Tennessee-born Bessie Smith, who first recorded in 1923. Known as the “Empress of the Blues", she possessed a large voice with a “T’ain’t Nobody’s Bizness If I Do” attitude. Bessie (who was unrelated to Mamie Smith) had toured on the T. O. B. A. circuit since 1912, originally as a chorus girl; by 1918 she was appearing in her own revue in Atlantic City, New Jersey.^[10] She struggled initially to be recorded—three companies turned her down before she was signed with Columbia. She eventually became the highest-paid black artist of the 1920s, and recorded over 160 songs.

Ma Rainey, whose popularity in the South was unrivaled, was little-known in the cities of the North until 1923, when she made her first recordings.^[11] She and Bessie Smith brought about a change in the style of the classic blues, as audiences came to prefer their rougher, earthier sound to that of the lighter-voiced, more refined blues singers who had preceded them on record.^[12] Ma Rainey recorded over 100 songs, 24 of them her own compositions. According to jazz historian Dan Morgenstern, “Bessie Smith (and all the others who followed in time) learned their art and craft from Ma, directly or indirectly.”^{[citation needed]}

Other classic blues singers who recorded extensively were Ethel Waters, Ida Cox, Clara Smith, and Sara Martin. Victoria Spivey and her cousin Sippie Wallace were both from Texas. Victoria Spivey was inspired by a Mamie Smith performance to become a blues singer, and achieved an overnight success in 1926 when Okeh released her first recording, her original “Black Snake Blues.” In 1929 she appeared in the first all-black talking film.

Decline and revival

By 1928, the vogue for the classic blues style was waning.^[13] With the success of the first commercial recordings of Blind Lemon Jefferson in 1926, a more "down-home", less urbane form of blues became popular, typically performed by men who were self-accompanied on guitar or piano. The effect of the Great Depression on black vaudeville and the recording industry, and also the trend toward Swing music in the 1930s, ended the careers of most of the classic blues singers.^[14] Some, like Ethel Waters, adapted to changing musical styles; some, like Lucille Hegamin and Sara Martin, subsequently worked mainly outside the entertainment field; others, like Hattie McDaniel and Edith Wilson, had success as actors in film and radio. Bessie Smith died in a car crash in 1937, at the age of 41. Lionel Hampton is quoted as saying, “Had she lived, Bessie would’ve been right up there on top with the rest of us in the Swing Era.”

In the 1960s a revival of interest in the blues brought Sippie Wallace, Alberta Hunter, Edith Wilson and Victoria Spivey back to the concert stage. In 1961 Victoria Spivey started her own record label, Spivey Records. In addition to recording herself, she recorded Lucille Hegamin, Memphis Slim, Lonnie Johnson and others.

Significance

The classic female blues singers were pioneers in the record industry, among the first black singers and blues artists recorded. They were also instrumental in popularizing the 12-bar blues throughout the US. Mahalia Jackson and Janis Joplin are among those who name Bessie Smith as an influence. According to LeRoi Jones, phonograph recordings of the classic blues singers "affected the existing folk tradition and created another kind of tradition that was unlike any other in the past".^[15]

Daphne Duval Harrison says that the blues women's contributions included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, Broadway musicals, torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s, gospel, rhythm and blues, and eventually rock and roll."^[15]

See also

	Blues portal
	Music portal

• List of classic female blues singers
• African American Registry

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Fabre and Feith 2001, p. 100
2. ^ Stewart-Baxter 1970, p. 38
3. ^ Harrison 1988, p. 34
4. ^ Randell 2003, p. 104
5. ^ Harrison 1988, p.44; Lieb 1981, p. xi
6. ^ Harrison 1988, p. 46
7. ^ ^{a b} Stewart-Baxter 1970, p. 12
8. ^ Steinberg and Fairweather 2011, p. 159
9. ^ Smith, Chris. [cd liner notes]: Lucille Hegamin: Complete Recorded Works in Chronological Order. Volume 2 1922-1923. 1995 Document Records DOCD-5420
10. ^ Harris 1994, pp. 462–463
11. ^ Harrison 1988, p. 35
12. ^ Stewart-Baxter 1970, p. 35
13. ^ Lieb 1981, p. xiv
14. ^ Harrison 1988, p.61
15. ^ ^{a b} Harrison 1988, p. 8

References

• Albertson, Chris. Bessie. New York: Stein & Day Publishers, 1972. ISBN 0-300-09902-9
• Davis, Angela Y. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday. New York: Random House, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-679-77126-3
• Fabre, Geneviève, and Michel Feith. Temples for Tomorrow: Looking Back at the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
• Harris, Sheldon. Blues Who's Who (Revised Ed.). New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. ISBN 0-306-80155-8
• Harrison, Daphne Duval. Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the '20s. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8135-1279-4
• Lieb, Sandra. Mother of the Blues: A Study of Ma Rainey. Amhearst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1981. ISBN 0-87023-394-7
• Placksin, Sally. American Women in Jazz: 1900 to the Present. Los Angeles: Wideview Books, 1982. ISBN 0-87223-756-7
• Randel, Don Michael. The Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0674011635
• Steinberg, Jesse R., and Abrol Fairweather. Blues: Thinking Deep about Feeling Low. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley; Chichester: John Wiley [distributor], 2011. ISBN 0470656808
• Stewart-Baxter, Derrick. Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers. New York: Stein & Day Publishers, 1970. ISBN 0-8128-1321-9