Wifredo Lam

Infobox Artist
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name = Wifredo Lam


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caption = Wifredo Lam
birthname = Wifredo Oscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla
birthdate = December 8, 1902
location = Sagua La Grande, Cuba
deathdate = September 11, 1982
deathplace = Paris, France
nationality = Cuban
field = Painting
training =
movement =
works = "The Jungle". 1943. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
patrons =
influenced by = Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso
influenced =
awards = Guggenheim International Award

Wifredo Oscar de la Concepción Lam y Castilla (b. December 8, 1902, Sagua La Grande, Cuba; – d. September 11, 1982, Paris, France), better known as Wifredo Lam, was a Cuban artist who sought to portray and revive the enduring Afro-Cuban spirit and culture. Inspired by and in contact with some of the most renowned artists of the twentieth century, Lam melded his influences and created a unique style, which was ultimately characterized by the prominence of hybrid figures. Though he was predominantly a painter, he also worked with sculpture and ceramics in his later life.

Early life

Wifredo Lam was born and raised in Sagua La Grande, a village in the sugar farming province of Villa Clara, Cuba. He was of mixed ancestry: his father, Yam Lam, was a Chinese immigrant and his mother, Ana Serafina Lam, was born to a Congolese, former slave mother and a Cuban mulatto father. Balderrama, Maria R., ed. Wifredo Lam and His Contemporaries 1938-1952. New York: The Studio Museum in Harlem, 1992.] In Sagua La Grande, Lam was surrounded by many people of African descent; his family, like many others, practiced Catholicism alongside their African traditions. Through his godmother, Matonica Wilson, a Santeria priestess locally celebrated as a healer and sorceress, he was exposed to rites of the African orishas. His contact with African celebrations and spiritual practices proved to be his largest artistic influence.

In 1916, Lam moved to Havana to study law, a path that his family had thrust upon him. Simultaneously, he also began studying tropical plants at the Botanical Gardens. Alley, Rin. "Lam, Wifredo." Grove Art Online. 27 Sept. 1999. Oxford UP. .] From 1918 to 1923, Lam studied painting at the Escuela de Bellas Artes. However, Lam disliked both academic teaching and painting. He left for Madrid in the autumn of 1923 to further his art studies.

Career in Europe

In 1923, Lam began studying in Madrid under Fernando Alvarez de Sotomayor, the curator of the Museo del Prado and teacher of Salvador Dalí. In the mornings he would attend the studio of the reactionary painter, while he spent his evenings working alongside young, nonconformist painters. At the Prado, Lam discovered and was awed by the work of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel I. While his early paintings were in the modernist Spanish tradition, his work soon became more simplified and decorative. Though Lam’s dislike for academic conservatism persisted, his time in Spain marked his technical development in which he began to merge a primitive aesthetic and the traditions of Western composition. In 1929, he married Eva Piriz but both she and their young son died in 1931 of tuberculosis; it is likely that this personal tragedy contributed to the dark nature of his work. "Wifredo Lam." Guggenheim Collection. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. .]

During the 1930’s Lam was exposed to a variety of influences. In his work, the influence of Surrealism was discernable, as well as that of Henri Matisse. Throughout Lam’s travels through the Spanish countryside, he developed empathy for the Spanish peasants, whose strife, in some ways, mirrored that of the former slaves he grew up around in Cuba. Richards, Paulette. "Wifredo Lam: a Sketch." Callaloo 34 (1988): 90-92. JSTOR. ] Therefore, at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Lam sided with the Republicans where he used his talent to fashion Republican posters and propaganda. Drafted to defend Madrid, Lam was incapacitated during the fighting in late 1937 and was sent to Barcelona. There, he met Helena Holzer, a German researcher, and the Catalan artist known as Manolo Huguë. Manolo gave Lam the letter of introduction that sparked his friendship with Picasso, whose artwork had impressed and inspired Lam a year before when he saw an exhibition in Madrid.

In 1938, Lam moved to Paris. Picasso quickly became a big supporter of Lam, introducing him to many of the leading artists of the time, such as Fernand Leger, Henri Matisse, Georges Braque and Joan Miró. Picasso also introduced him to Pierre Loeb, a Parisian art dealer; Loeb gave Lam his first exhibition at the Galerie Pierre Loeb in 1939, which received an enthusiastic response from critics. Sims, Lowery S. Wifredo Lam and the International Avant-Garde, 1923-1982. Austin, Texas: University of Texas P, 2002.] Picasso and Lam also exhibited their work together at the Perls Galleries in New York in the same year. Lam’s work went from showing the influence of Matisse seen in his still lifes, landscapes and simplified portraits to being influenced by Cubism. Mainly working with gouache, Lam began producing stylized figures that appear to be influenced by Picasso. Much of his work in 1938 possessed emotional intensity; the subject matter ranged from interacting couples to women in despair and showed a considerably stronger African influence, seen in the figures’ angular outlines and the synthesis of their bodies.

While Lam began simplifying his forms before he came into contact with Picasso’s work, it is apparent that Picasso had a significant impact on him. With regard to Picasso’s exhibition, Lam said that it was “not only a revelation, but… a shock.” Lam gained the approval of Picasso, whose encouragement has been said to have led Lam to search for his own interpretation of modernism.

With the outbreak of World War II and the Germans invading Paris, Lam left for Marseille in 1940. There, he rejoined many intellectuals, including the Surrealists, with whom he had been associated since he met André Breton in 1939. In Marseille, Lam and Breton collaborated on the publication of Breton’s poem "Fata Morgana", which was illustrated by Lam. Though the drawings he created in Marseille between 1940 and 1941 are known as the "Fata Morgana" suite, only about three inspired the illustrations for the poem. In 1941, Breton, Lam and Claude Levi-Strauss, accompanied by many others, left for Martinique only to be imprisoned. After forty days, Lam was released and allowed to leave for Cuba, which he reached in midsummer 1941.

Havana years

Upon Lam’s return to Havana, he developed a new awareness of Afro-Cuban traditions. He noticed that the descendents of the slaves were still being oppressed and that the Afro-Cuban culture was degraded and made picturesque for the sake of tourism. He believed that Cuba was in danger of losing its African heritage and therefore sought to free them from cultural subjugation. In an interview with Max-Pol Fouchet, he said,

“I wanted with all my heart to paint the drama of my country, but by thoroughly expressing the negro spirit, the beauty of the plastic art of the blacks. In this way I could act as a Trojan horse that would spew forth hallucinating figures with the power to surprise, to disturb the dreams of the exploiters.”

Additionally, his time in Cuba marked a rapid evolution of his style. Drawing from his study of tropical plants and familiarity with Afro-Cuban culture, his paintings became characterized by the presence of a hybrid figure—part human, animal and vegetal elements. His style was also distinctive because of its fusion of Surrealist and Cubist approaches with imagery and symbols from Santeria. Nessen, Susan. "Review: Multiculturalism in the Americas." Art Journal 52 (1993): 86-91. JSTOR.] In 1943, he began his most well known work, "The Jungle". It reflected his mature style, depicting four figures with mask-like heads, half-emerging from dense tropical vegetation. Later that year, it was shown in an exhibition at the Pierre Matisse Gallery in New York where it created controversy. The painting depicted the tension between Modernism and the vibrancy and energy of African culture. "The Jungle" was ultimately purchased by the Museum of Modern Art N.Y. and was hung near Picasso’s "Guernica," to which it has been compared.

Lam continued to simplify and synthesize abstraction yet continued painting figurally; he also kept on developing the mythology and totemism that defined his style. In 1944, he married Helana Holzer, whom he divorced in 1950. In 1946, he and Breton spent four months in Haiti, enriching his already extensive understanding and knowledge of African divinity and magic rituals through observing Voodoun ceremonies. Although he later said that his contact with the African spirituality that he found throughout the Americas did not directly impact his formal style. African poetry, on the other hand, was said to have had a broadening effect on his paintings. In 1952, Lam settled in Paris after having dividing his time between Cuba, New York and France.

Lam, who continued to sympathize with the common man, exhibited a series of paintings at Havana University in 1955, to demonstrate his support for the students’ protests against Batista’s dictatorship. Similarly, in 1965, 6 years after the revolution, Lam showed his loyalty to Castro and his goals of social and economic equality by painting The Third World for the presidential palace. In 1960, Lam established a studio in Albisola Mare on Italy’s coast and settled there with his wife Lou Laurin, a Swedish painter, and their three sons. In 1964, he was awarded the Guggenheim International Award and between 1966 and 1967 there were many retrospectives of his work throughout Europe. At the encouragement of Asger Jorn and after being intrigued by the local pottery making, Lam began to experiment with ceramics and had his first ceramic exhibition in 1975. He progressed to model sculptures and cast in metal in his twilight years, often depicting personages similar to those he had painted.

Wifredo Lam died on September 11, 1982 in Paris. Having had over one hundred personal exhibitions around the world, Lam had a well established reputation by the time of his death.

Legacy

Lam, like many of the most renowned artists of the twentieth century, combined radical modern styles with the “primitive” arts of the Americas. While Diego Rivera and Joaquin Torres-Garcia drew inspiration from Pre-Columbian art, Wifredo Lam was influenced by the Afro-Cubans of the time. Lam dramatically synthesized the Surrealist and Cubist strategies while incorporating the iconography and spirit of Afro-Cuban religion. For that reason, his work does not singularly belong to an art movement.

He held the belief that society focused too much on the individual and sought to show humanity as a whole in his artwork. He painted generic figures, creating the universal. To further his goal, he often painted mask-like faces. While Cuban culture and mythology permeated his work, it dealt with the nature of man and therefore was wholly relatable to non-Cubans.

"The Jungle"

"The Jungle", which is considered Lam’s masterpiece, is exemplary of the artist’s mature style. The polymorphism, for which Lam is well known, juxtaposes aspects of humans, animals and plants, creating monstrous, hybrid creatures. The dense composition creates a claustrophobic feeling while the forms remain difficult to differentiate. The figures’ elongated limbs lack definition, while much emphasis is placed on their large feet, round buttocks, and African-inspired masked heads. Additionally, the iridescent quality of the forms enhances the painting’s tropical feeling.

"The Jungle" was not, however, intended to describe the primitivism of Cuba. Rather, Lam’s intention was to depict a spiritual state—that which is surely inspired by Santeria Lucie-Smith, Edward. Latin American Art of the 20th Century. 2nd ed. London, England: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2004.] ; he sheds light on the absurdity that has become Afro-Cuban culture and more specifically on the way their traditions were cheapened for tourism. He sought to describe the reality of his people through the powerful work and gained acclaim and fame for doing so.

Art works

*" _fr. Deuz personnages". 1938. Collection Mme Francoise Thesee, France.
*"Anamu". 1942. Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.
*"Mother and Child". 1939. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
*"Satan". 1942. Museum of Modern Art, New York.
*"The Jungle". 1943. The Museum of Modern Art, New York.
*"Homenaje a jicotea". ca. 1943. Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami.
*"Untitled". 1945. Galerie Lelong, Paris.
*" _fr. Le guerrier". 1947. Galerie Lelong, Paris.
*" _fr. Le Reve". 1947. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution.
*"Exodo". 1948. Howard University Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
*" _fr. L'Espirit aveugle". 1948. Indianapolis Museum of Art.
*"Lisamona". 1950. Collection Steven M. Greenbaum, New Hampshire.
*" _fr. Les enfants sans âme". 1964. Museum of Modern Art, Brussels.
*"El Tercer Mundo". 1965-1966. Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Havana.

Exhibitions

*"Wifredo Lam Peintures." Galerie Pierre, Paris. June 30-July 14, 1939.
*"Drawings by Picasso and Gouaches by Wifredo Lam." Perls Gallery, New York. November 13- December 2, 1939.
*"Lam Paintings." Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York. November 17- December 5, 1942.
*"Lam Paintings." Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York. June 6-24, 1944.
*"Lam Paintings." Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York. November 20- December 8, 1945.
*"Wifredo Lam." Galerie Pierre, Paris. December 12-31, 1945.
*"The Cuban Painter Wifredo Lam." The London Gallery, London. November 5-30, 1946.
* "Lam: Obras Recientes 1950." Parque Central, Havana. October 2-15, 1950.

References

* Benitez, Helena. Wifredo and Helena: My Life with Wifredo Lam 1939-1950. Sylvio Acatos, Lausanne: Acatos Publisher, 1999.
* Pintores Cubanos, Editors Vicente Baez, Virilio Pinera, Calvert Casey, and Anton Arrufat; Ediciones Revolucion, Havana, Cuba 1962

External links

* [http://www.wifredolam.net Wifredo Lam Official Website (in French)]
* [http://www.vanguardiacubana.com. Ediciones Vanguardia Cubana. Libros de Pintura Cubana, Wifredo Lam]

* [http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_83.html] - Lam's biography at the Guggenheim website
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O:AD:E:3349&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1] - Museum of Modern Art's Collection
* [http://www.matta-art.com/lam/lam.htm] - Online Gallery of Lam's art

ee also

*Cuban art

Gallery