William Jolliffe

William Jolliffe was born in Bloomsbury, Middlesex, England on 16 September 1851, the son of William Peter Jolliffe and Harriett Penny. He qualified as a barrister and practised in London, Newcastle upon Tyne and North Shields. On his father's death in 1887, he moved to Australia, and then to New Zealand in 1896. He married 20 year old Nellie Young in Lower Hutt on 6 November 1902. They had two daughters and a son.

After drafting the Cinematograph-film Censorship Act 1916, Jolliffe was appointed Censor of Cinematograph Films on 16 September 1916, at the age of 65. The Act provided that no film could by exhibited to the public until it had been passed by the censor. The Act also provided that no film could be approved which "in the opinion of the censor, depicts any matter that is against public order and decency, or the exhibition of which for any other reason is, in the opinion of the censor, undesirable in the public interest". Distributors were given the right to appeal the censor's rejection of a film, but no one could appeal the approval of a film until 1934.

In Jolliffe's first full year (1917-18) he reviewed 2,825 films totalling over 1,400 hours, refused to approve 43 and required cuts to 279. There was only one appeal against his decision, and it was dismissed. The revenue generated by the examination fees for this number of films meant that Jolliffe could afford to hire an assistant, James McDonald, in August 1918.

In 1917, after church groups objected to D. W. Griffith's film "Intolerance" being passed without cuts, the Minister of Internal Affairs suggested that Jolliffe adopt and publish a list of prohibited topics. Jolliffe resisted this suggestion because he believed that it was impossible to formulate guidelines applicable to all films, a view that has become a tradition among New Zealand censors to this day. Nevertheless, he generally required cuts from films that depicted "the commission of crime in a manner likely to be imitated, especially by the young, or to give information as to methods to persons of a criminal tendency", indecency in dress, irreverent treatment of religious subjects, disloyalty to King and country, and "any matter likely to effect class hatred".

In 1920, Jolliffe introduced two ratings: a "U" (for "universal") certificate denoted that a film was suitable for everyone; and an "A" rating indicated that a film was more suitable for adult viewing. Both certificates were recommendations intended to help parents decide what their children could view. In May 1921 the Minister (probably illegally) directed Jolliffe to ensure that any film in which "thieving, robbery, murder, or suicide is made the feature" was not approved for exhibition. No discernible increase in banned films resulted, and the requirement was quietly dropped by 1925.

William Jolliffe died in office on 26 April 1927 and was succeeded by his assistant, W A Tanner.

ources

Brodie, James W. 'Jolliffe, William 1851 - 1927'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 July 2005

Christoffel, P. Censored: A Short History of Censorship in New Zealand. Wellington, 1989

Obituary, Dominion. 27 April 1927: 12

External links

Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand) [http://www.censorship.govt.nz/censorship_dash.html#censor]

Brodie, James W. 'Jolliffe, William 1851 - 1927'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 July 2005 [http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/]