Retinoic acid

Retinoic acid
All-trans-retinoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 302-79-4 YesY
PubChem 444795
ChEMBL CHEMBL38 N
Jmol-3D images Image 1
Properties
Molecular formula C20H28O2
Molar mass 300.43512 g/mol
Appearance yellow to light orange crystalline powder with characteristic floral odor [1]
Melting point

180-182 °C, crystals from ethanol [1]

Solubility in water nearly insoluble
Solubility in fat soluble
 N acid (verify) (what is: YesY/N?)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A required for growth and development. Retinoic acid is required in chordate animals which includes all higher animals from fishes to humans. During early embryonic development, retinoic acid generated in a specific region of the embryo helps determine position along the embryonic anterior/posterior axis by serving as an intercellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo.[2] It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately control anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages. [3]

The key role of retinoic acid in embryonic development mediates the high teratogenicity of retinoid pharmaceuticals, such as isotretinoin used for treatment of cancer and acne. Oral megadoses of pre-formed vitamin A (retinyl palmitate), and retinoic acid itself, also have teratogenic potential by this same mechanism.

Contents

Mechanism of biological action

Retinoic acid acts by binding to the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) which is bound to DNA as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in regions called retinoic acid response elements (RAREs). Binding of the retinoic acid ligand to RAR alters the conformation of the RAR which affects the binding of other proteins that either induce or repress transcription of a nearby gene (including Hox genes and several other target genes). Retinoic acid receptors mediate transcription of different sets of genes controlling differentiation of a variety of cell types, thus the target genes regulated depend upon the target cells. In some cells, one of the target genes is the gene for the retinoic acid receptor itself (RAR-beta in mammals), which amplifies the response.[4] Control of retinoic acid levels is maintained by a suite of proteins that control synthesis and degradation of retinoic acid.[2][3]

The molecular basis for the interaction between retinoic acid and the Hox genes has been studied by using deletion analysis in transgenic mice carrying constructs of lacZ reporter genes. Such studies have identified functional RAREs within flanking sequences of some of the most 3' Hox genes (including Hoxa1, Hoxb1, Hoxb4, Hoxd4), suggesting a direct interaction between the genes and retinoic acid. These types of studies strongly support the normal roles of retinoids in patterning vertebrate embryogenesis through the Hox genes.[5]

Biosynthesis

Retinoic acid can be produced in the body by two sequential oxidation steps which convert retinol to retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, but once produced it cannot be reduced again to retinol. The enzymes that generate retinoic acid for control of gene expression include retinol dehydrogenases (i.e. Rdh10) that metabolize retinol to retinaldehyde, and retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (Raldh1, Raldh2, and Raldh3) that metabolize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid.[2] Enzymes that metabolize excess retinol to prevent toxicity include alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450(cyp26).

Retinoic acid function in the absence of precursors retinol or retinaldehyde

Retinoic acid is responsible for most of the activity of vitamin A, save visual pigment effects which require retinal (retinaldehyde), and cell metabolism effects that may require retinol itself. Also, some biochemical functions necessary for fertility in vitamin A deficient male and female mammals originally appeared to require retinol for rescue, but this is due to a requirement for local conversion of retinol to retinoic acid, as administered retinoic acid does not reach some critical tissues unless given in high amounts. Thus, if animals are fed only retinoic acid but no vitamin A (retinol or retinal), they suffer none of the growth-stunting or epithelial-damaging effects of lack of vitamin A (including no xerophthalmia-- dryness of the cornea). They do suffer retina degeneration and blindness, due to retinal (retinaldehyde) deficiency. They also suffer defects in reproduction: vitamin A-deprived but retinoic acid-supplemented male rats exhibit hypogonadism and infertility due to lack of local retinoic acid synthesis in the testis; similar treatment of female rats causes infertility due to fetal resorption caused by a lack of local retinoic acid synthesis in the embryo.[6][7]

Related pharmaceuticals

References

  1. ^ a b Merck Index, 13th Edition, 8251.
  2. ^ a b c Duester, G (September 2008). "Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Signaling during Early Organogenesis". Cell 134 (6): 921–31. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.002. PMC 2632951. PMID 18805086. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2632951. 
  3. ^ a b Holland, Linda Z. (2007). "Developmental biology: A chordate with a difference". Nature 447 (7141): 153–155. doi:10.1038/447153a. PMID 17495912. 
  4. ^ Edgar Wingender (1993). "Steroid/Thyroid Hormone Receptors". Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes. New York: VCH. pp. 316. ISBN 1-56081-706-2. 
  5. ^ Marshall, H. et al. (1996.). "Retinoids and Hox genes". The FASEB Journal 10 (9): 969–978. http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/10/9/969.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-19. 
  6. ^ http://la.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/2/239 Lab Anim 1971;5:239-250. The production of experimental vitamin A deficiency in rats and mice. T. Moore and P. D. Holmes. doi:10.1258/002367771781006492.
  7. ^ VanPelt, H.M.M.; DeRooij, D.G. (1991). "Spermatogenesis in retinol-deficient rats maintained on retinoic acid". Endocrinology 128 (2): 697–704. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0940327. PMID 1593535. 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Retinoic acid — Ret in*o ic ac id, n. (Chem.) A retinoid compound ({C20H28O2}), closely related to vitamin A. It is also called {tretinoin} and {vitamin A acid}. [PJC] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • retinoic acid — [ret΄ n ō′ik] n. a vitamin A derivative, C20H28O2, used in the treatment of acne, skin wrinkles, etc. * * * …   Universalium

  • retinoic acid — [ret΄ n ō′ik] n. a vitamin A derivative, C20H28O2, used in the treatment of acne, skin wrinkles, etc …   English World dictionary

  • retinoic acid — (= vitamin A) The aldehyde (retinal) has long been known to be involved in photoreception, but retinoic acid has other roles. There are cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding proteins and retinoic acid response elements that regulate gene… …   Dictionary of molecular biology

  • retinoic acid — Vitamin A1 acid; retinal in which the terminal –CHO has been oxidized to a –COOH; used topically in the treatment of acne; plays an important role in growth and differentiation. SYN: vitamin A1 acid. 13 cis r. the retinoid most used in the U.S.… …   Medical dictionary

  • retinoic acid — noun A derivative of vitamin A, used in the treatment of acne; it is essential for bone and tissue development. Syn: vitamin A acid See Also: all trans ret …   Wiktionary

  • retinoic acid — A form of vitamin A that is made by the body, and can also be made in the laboratory. It is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, usually together with other drugs, and to treat acne. It is being studied in the treatment and prevention of… …   English dictionary of cancer terms

  • Retinoic acid receptor alpha — Retinoic acid receptor, alpha PDB rendering based on 1dkf …   Wikipedia

  • Retinoic acid receptor gamma — Retinoic acid receptor, gamma PDB rendering based on 1dsz …   Wikipedia

  • Retinoic acid receptor beta — Retinoic acid receptor, beta PDB rendering based on 1dsz …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”