Point accepted mutation

Point accepted mutation

Point accepted mutation (PAM), is a set of matrices used to score sequence alignments. The PAM matrices were introduced by Margaret Dayhoff in 1978 based on 1572 observed mutations in 71 families of closely related proteins.[1] Each matrix has the twenty standard amino acids in its twenty rows and columns; the value in a given cell represents the probability of a substitution of one amino acid for another. This type of matrix is commonly known as a substitution matrix.

This matrix is used to derive a scoring matrix, used in bioinformatics to assess the similarity of two aligned sequences. For example, an 18% probability of replacing arginine with lysine (in the substitution matrix) is turned into a score of 3 in the scoring matrix. The calculation uses the ratio of the probability value and the frequency of the original amino acid (arginine) in known sequences.[2]

The PAM matrices imply a Markov chain model of protein mutation.[3][4] The PAM matrices are normalized so that, for instance, the PAM1 matrix gives substitution probabilities for sequences that have experienced one point mutation for every hundred amino acids. The mutations may overlap so that the sequences reflected in the PAM250 matrix have experienced 250 mutation events for every 100 amino acids, yet only 80 out of every 100 amino acids have been affected.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dayhoff, M.O., Schwartz, R. and Orcutt, B.C. (1978). "A model of Evolutionary Change in Proteins". Atlas of protein sequence and structure (volume 5, supplement 3 ed.). Nat. Biomed. Res. Found.. pp. 345–358. ISBN 0912466073 
  2. ^ Pevsner J (2009). "Pairwise Sequence Alignment". Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 58–63. ISBN 978-0-470-08585-1. 
  3. ^ Kosiol C, Goldman N. (2005). "Different versions of the Dayhoff rate matrix.". Molecular biology and evolution. 22 (2): 193–9. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi005. PMID 15483331. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/193. 
  4. ^ Liò P, Goldman N. (1998). "Models of molecular evolution and phylogeny.". Genome research. 8 (12): 1233–44. doi:10.1101/gr.8.12.1233. PMID 9872979. http://pixfunlobdot.59.to/content/8/12/1233.full. 

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