Pope Innocent II

Pope Innocent II

Infobox Pope
English name=Innocent II


birth_name=Gregorio Papareschi
term_start=February 14, 1130
term_end=September 24, 1143
predecessor=Honorius II
successor=Celestine II
birth_date=???
birthplace= Rome, Italy
dead=dead|death_date=death date|1143|9|24|mf=y
deathplace=Rome, Italy
other=Innocent

Pope Innocent II (died September 24, 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was Pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna).

Early life

He was born in Rome.

Cardinal

Pope Paschal II (1099–1118) made him a Cardinal Deacon. In this capacity, he accompanied Pope Gelasius II (1118–19) when driven into France; and by Pope Calixtus II (1119–24), he was appointed on various important missions, such as on that to Worms for concluding the peace accord with the Emperor in 1122 (see Concordat of Worms), and on that to France in 1123.

Papacy

In 1130, as Pope Honorius II lay dying, the cardinals decided to entrust the election to a commission of eight men, led by papal chancellor Haimeric, who had his candidate Cardinal Gregory Papareschi hastily elected as Pope Innocent II. [The "Historia Compostelana", composed in Galicia (Spain) for the bishop of Santiago de Compostela, provides information on the details of the disputed election of 1130.] He was consecrated on February 14, the day after Honorius' death. The other cardinals announced that Innocent had not been canonically elected and chose Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, a Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters, the Frangipani, who took the name Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus' mixed group of supporters were powerful enough to take control of Rome while Innocent was forced to flee North; based on a simple majority of the entire college of cardinals, Anacletus was the canonically elected Pope, and Innocent was the anti-Pope. However, the majority of the cardinal bishops supported Innocent, which according to the legislation of Pope Nicholas II (in the famous decree of 1059) pre-empted the choice of the majority of the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons. This rule was changed by the II Lateran Council in 1139.

Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for Pisa, and thence sailed by Genoa to France, where the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux readily secured his cordial recognition by the clergy and the court; in October of the same year he was duly acknowledged by Lothar III of Germany and his bishops at the synod of Würzburg. In January 1131, he had also a favourable interview with Henry I of England (1100–35); and in August 1132 Lothar III undertook an expedition to Italy for the double purpose of setting aside Anacletus as antipope and of being crowned by Innocent. The coronation ultimately took place in the Lateran church (June 4, 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. A second expedition by Lothar III in 1136 was not more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus II on January 25, 1138.

econd Lateran Council

By the Second Lateran council of 1139, at which Roger II of Sicily (1130–54), Innocent II's most uncompromising foe, was excommunicated, peace was at last restored to the Church. Aside from the complete rebuilding of the ancient Sta. Maria in Trastevere, which boldly features Ionic capitals from former colonnades in the Baths of Caracalla and other richly detailed "spolia" from Roman monuments, [Dale Kinney, "Spolia from the Baths of Caracalla in Sta. Maria in Trastevere", "The Art Bulletin" 68.3 (September 1986:379-397).] the remaining years of this Pope's life were almost as barren of permanent political results as the first had been; his efforts to undo the mischief wrought in Rome by the long schism were almost entirely neutralized by a struggle with the town of Tivoli in which he became involved, and by a quarrel with Louis VII of France (1137–80), in the course of which that kingdom was laid under an interdict.

Treaty of Mignano

In 1143, Innocent refused to recognise the Treaty of Mignano with Roger of Sicily, who sent Robert of Selby to march on papal Benevento. Mignano was recognised. Innocent II died on September 24, 1143 and was succeeded by Pope Celestine II (1143–44). The doctrinal questions in which he was called on to decide were those connected with the opinions of Pierre Abélard and Arnold of Brescia.

In 1143, as the pope lay dying, the Commune of Rome, to resist papal power, began delibrations that officially reinstated the Roman Senate the following year. The Pope was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that contemporary tradition asserted had been the Emperor Hadrian's.

References

*1911

ee also

* Bull of Gniezno


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Pope Innocent I —     Pope Innocent I     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent I     Date of birth unknown; died 12 March, 417. Before his elevation to the Chair of Peter, very little is known concerning the life of this energetic pope, so zealous for the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent XI —     Pope Innocent XI     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent XI     (Benedetto Odescalchi)     Born at Como, 16 May, 1611; died at Rome, 11 August, 1689. He was educated by the Jesuits at Como, and studied jurisprudence at Rome and Naples.… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent II —     Pope Innocent II     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent II     (Gregorio Papereschi)     Elected 14 Feb., 1130; died 24 Sept., 1143. He was a native of Rome and belonged to the ancient family of the Guidoni. His father s name is given as …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent IV —     Pope Innocent IV     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent IV     (Sinibaldo de Fieschi)     Count of Lavagna, born at Genoa, date unknown; died at Naples, 7 December, 1254. He was educated at Parma and Bologna. For some time he taught… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent X —     Pope Innocent X     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent X     (Giambattista Pamfili)     Born at Rome, 6 May, 1574; died there, 7 January, 1655. His parents were Camillo Pamfili and Flaminia de Bubalis. The Pamfili resided originally at… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent VI —     Pope Innocent VI     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent VI     (ETIENNE AUBERT)     Born at Mont in the Diocese of Limoges (France); elected at Avignon, 18 December 1352; died there, 12 September, 1362. He began his career as professor… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent V —     Pope Bl. Innocent V     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Bl. Innocent V     (PETRUS A TARENTASIA)     Born in Tarentaise, towards 1225; elected at Arezzo, 21 January, 1276; died at Rome, 22 June, 1276. Tarentaise on the upper Isère in south… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent IX —     Pope Innocent IX     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope Innocent IX     (Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti)     Born at Bologna, 22 July, 1519; elected, 29 October, 1591; died at Rome, 30 December, 1591. After successful studies in jurisprudence in… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Innocent XI — Infobox pope|English name=Innocent XI Latin name=Innocens PP. XI birth name=Benedetto Odescalchi term start=September 21 1676 term end=August 12 1689 predecessor=Clement X successor=Alexander VIII birth date=birth date|1611|5|16|mf=y… …   Wikipedia

  • Pope Innocent X — Infobox pope|English name=Innocent X Latin name=Innocens PP. X birth name=Giovanni Battista Pamphilj or Pamphili term start=September 15, 1644 term end=January 7, 1655 predecessor=Urban VIII successor=Alexander VII birth date=birth… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”