Laureate

Laureate

In English, the word laureate has come to signify eminence or association with literary or military glory.

History

The laurel, in ancient Greece, was sacred to Apollo, and as such was used to form a crown or wreath of honor for poets and heroes; and this usage has been widespread. "Laureate letters" in old times meant the dispatches announcing a victory; and the epithet was given, even officially (e.g. to John Skelton) by universities, to distinguished poets.

The name of "bacca-laureate" for a bachelor's degree shows a confusion with a supposed etymology from Latin bacca lauri (the laurel berry), which, though incorrect, involves the same idea. From the more general use of the term "poet laureate" arose its restriction in England to the office of the poet attached to the royal household, first held by Ben Jonson, for whom the position was, in its essentials, created by Charles I of England in 1617. Jonson's appointment does not seem to have been formally made as poet-laureate, but his position was equivalent to that. The office was really a development of the practice of earlier times, when minstrels and versifiers were part of the retinue of the King; it is recorded that Richard Coeur de Lion had a versificator regis (Gulielmus Peregrinus), and Henry III of England had a versificator (Master Henry); in the 15th century John Kay, also a "versifier", described himself as Edward IV of England's "humble poet laureate". Moreover, the crown had shown its patronage in various ways; Chaucer had been given a pension and a perquisite of wine by Edward III of England, and Spenser a pension by Queen Elizabeth I. W. Hamilton classes Chaucer, Gower, John Kay, Andrew Bernard, John Skelton, Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards, Spenser and Samuel Daniel, as "volunteer Laureates".

Sir William Davenant succeeded Jonson in 1638, and the title of poet laureate was conferred by letters patent on John Dryden in 1670 two years after Davenant's death, coupled with a pension of £300 and a butt of Canary Islands wine. The post then became a regular institution, though the emoluments varied, Dryden's successors being T. Shadwell, who originated annual birthday and New Year odes, Nahum Tate, Nicholas Rowe, Laurence Eusden, Colley Cibber, William Whitehead, Thomas Warton, Henry James Pye, Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, Alfred Tennyson and, four years after Tennyson's death, Alfred Austin. The office took on a new luster from the personal distinction of Southey, Wordsworth and Tennyson; it had fallen into contempt before Southey, and on Tennyson's death there was a considerable feeling that no possible successor was acceptable, William Morris and Algernon Swinburne being hardly court poets. Eventually, however, the undesirability of breaking with tradition for temporary reasons, and thus severing the one official link between literature and the state, prevailed over the protests against following Tennyson by any one of inferior genius. It may be noted that abolition was similarly advocated when Thomas Warton and William Wordsworth died. The poet laureate, being a court official, was considered responsible for producing formal and appropriate verses on birthdays and state occasions; but his activity in this respect has varied, according to circumstances, and the custom ceased to be obligatory after Pye's death. Wordsworth stipulated, before accepting the honor, that no formal effusions from him should be considered a necessity; but Tennyson was generally happy in his numerous poems of this class. The emoluments of the post have varied; Ben Jonson first received a pension of 100 marks, and later an annual "terse of Canary wine". To Pye an allowance of £27 was made instead of the wine. Tennyson drew £72 a year from the Lord Chamberlain's department, and £27 from the Lord Steward's in lieu of the "butt of sack".

ee also

* Laurel wreath


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  • Laureate — Lau re*ate, n. 1. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. A learned laureate. Cleveland. [1913 Webster] 2. A person who has been presented with an award for some distinguished achievement; as, a Nobel laureate; the Pris de Rome laureate; the… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Laureate — Lau re*ate, a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. laur[ e]at. Cf. {Laurel}.] Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer. [1913 Webster] To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies. Milton.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • laureate — [lôr′ē it; ] for v. [, lôr′ēāt΄] adj. [ME < L laureatus < laurea (corona), laurel (wreath), fem. of laureus, of laurel < laurus, laurel] 1. woven of sprigs of laurel: said of a crown or wreath 2. crowned with a laurel wreath as a mark of …   English World dictionary

  • laureate — ► NOUN 1) a person given an award for outstanding creative or intellectual achievement. 2) a poet laureate. ► ADJECTIVE literary ▪ wreathed with laurel as a mark of honour. DERIVATIVES laureateship noun. ORIGIN from Latin laurea laurel wre …   English terms dictionary

  • Laureate — Lau re*ate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Laureated}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Laureating}.] To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • laureate — (adj.) late 14c., from L. laureatus crowned with laurels, from laurea laurel crown (emblematic of victory or distinction in poetry), from fem. of laureus of laurel, from laurus laurel. Laureat poete first found in Canterbury Tales (form with the… …   Etymology dictionary

  • laureate — laureateship, n. /lawr ee it, lor /, n. 1. a person who has been honored for achieving distinction in a particular field or with a particular award: a Nobel laureate. 2. See poet laureate. adj. 3. deserving or having special recognition for… …   Universalium

  • laureate — UK [ˈlɔːrɪət] / US [ˈlɔrɪət] noun [countable] Word forms laureate : singular laureate plural laureates someone who has won a prize for their achievements, especially a nobel prize a Nobel laureate in chemistry See: Poet Laureate …   English dictionary

  • laureate — lau•re•ate [[t]ˈlɔr i ɪt, ˈlɒr [/t]] n. 1) a person who has been honored for achieving distinction in a particular field or with a particular award: a Nobel laureate[/ex] 2) poet laureate 3) deserving or having special recognition for achievement …   From formal English to slang

  • laureate — I. noun Etymology: Middle English, crowned with laurel as a distinction, from Latin laureatus, from laurea laurel wreath, from feminine of laureus of laurel, from laurus Date: circa 1529 the recipient of honor or recognition for achievement in an …   New Collegiate Dictionary

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