Julidochromis

Taxobox
name = Julies

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = Adult Convict Julie ("J. regani")
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Perciformes
familia = Cichlidae
subfmailia = Pseudocrenilabrinae
tribus = Lamprologini
genus = "Julidochromis"
genus_authority = Boulenger, 1898
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "Julidochromis dickfeldi"
"Julidochromis marlieri"
"Julidochromis ornatus"
"Julidochromis regani"
"Julidochromis transcriptus"
and see text

"Julidochromis" is a genus of cichlids in the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. They are commonly called julies and are endemic to Lake Tanganyika in eastern Africa. This genus includes at least 5 species, each with a number of subspecies and local variants of uncertain taxonomic status. Further taxonomic work is required to determine how many species exist; the closely related "Chalinochromis" with two more species is sometimes included here and this may be correct. Hybridization makes attempts to determine relationships with molecular phylogenetic methods difficult.Day "et al." (2007)]

These ray-finned fish are smallish to mid-sized (about 7-15 cm/3-6 in) and have a yellowish backgroupd color with black lengthwise stripes or a checkerboard pattern.

ystematics

The relationships and systematics of "Julidochromis" are hard to resolve with certainty. "Chalinochromis" is essentially similar to these fishes except for some adaptations for feeding on sponges. In their mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence, "Chalinochromis" are closer to "J. dickfeldi", the Golden Julie ("J. ornatus") and the Masked Julie ("J. transcriptus") – in particular the latter two – than to any other living fish, while "J. marlieri" and the Convict Julie ("J. regani") are closer to "Telmatochromis". "Julidochromis" thus might need to be split in two, with "Chalinochromis" included in one lineage. Alternatively, there has twice been successful intergeneric hybridization between particular lineages of "Julidochromis" males and "Chalinochromis" females (males generally do not pass on mtDNA to their offspring), the julies being closer to "Telmatochromis" in this case. Yet another possibility is that "Julidochromis" is monophyletic and includes "Chalinochromis"; in this scenario males of the common ancestor of "J. marlieri" and "J. regani" would have hybridized with females of the common ancestor of "Telmatochromis".

"Julidochromis" species are poorly studied and a number of as yet unnamed species may exist. In the order of relatedness, the described species are:
* "Julidochromis dickfeldi"
* ("Chalinochromis" might belong in this position)
* "Julidochromis ornatus" – Golden Julie
* "Julidochromis transcriptus" – Masked Julie
* "Julidochromis marlieri"
* "Julidochromis regani" – Convict Julie

Ecology and reproduction

"Julidochromis" species are secretive biparental substrate spawners, retreating to caves or rock crevices. Pairs are largely monogamous [Yamagishi & Kohda (1996), Kuwamura (1997), Awata & Kohda (2004)] , however the largest male may maintain harems (polygyny)Awata & Kohda (2004)] and the largest females may mate with multiple males at multiple nesting sites (polyandry) [Sunobe (2000), Awata & Kohda (2004)] , with the female taking more than one mate, have been recorded in both the wild and the aquarium.

If a pair-bond is broken, the larger fish will drive the smaller fish out of the territory, sometimes killing him in the process. In some species in this genus, such as "Julidochromis marlieri", females are substantially larger than the males, and a female "Julidochromis" will often dominate a male larger than herself [Barlow & Lee (2005)] .

"Julidochromis" species have two spawning rhythms. Sometimes they deposit a large number of eggs (up to several hundred) every 4 to 6 weeks. Other times they spawn sequentially, laying a small number of eggs every few days. Sequential spawning results in there being fry of different ages living together in the same nest.Brichard (1989)]

They prefer to lay their eggs in caves or other crevices. After spawning, both parents tend the eggs by mouthing them to rid of algae and fanning them to increase oxygen flow. The majority of parental care is done by the smaller fish in a pair, but this has been found to be influenced by the degree of size difference within a pair.

A pair of breeding fish must guard their nest from other cichlids trying to eat their offspring. Common intruders in the lake include "Tropheus", "Simochromis", and "Petrochromis".

"Julidochromis" in the aquarium

"Julidochromis" are small-growing dwarf cichlids and easy to spawn and care for if their basic needs are fulfilled. Like all Lake Tanganyika cichlids, they are best maintained in hard alkaline water, with a pH of 8.5 - 9.0 and a hardness of 12-14 kH, and in aquaria no smaller than 60 - 80 litres. Only one species of "Julidochromis" should be kept in any single aquarium, as the species within this genus tend to hybridise easily. As noted above, hybridisation with "Chalinochromis" and/or "Telmatochromis" is suspected, and it is common enough in Lamprologini to better avoid keeping more than one species of this tribe per aquarium.

The tank should be decorated with rocks to form caves and passageways as shelter; like many other Rift Valley cichlids they tend to be territorial and somewhat aggressive. However, "Julidochromis" can be shy in the aquarium and the use of dither fish may reduce their tendency to remain hidden. Despite this, like many Rift Lake cichlids they can be aggressive. It is therefore best to keep them not with general tropical fish, but with other cichlids.

As noted above, "Julidochromis" species are monogamous, but pair bonds can break and hostilities may result in the death of one of the pair, generally the smaller fish. If a pair does split in an aquarium it is often best to separate the pair. Fry can be maintained with the parents and should be fed protein-rich foods such as baby brine shrimp. Parents can sometimes be found leading their fry around the aquarium.

Footnotes

References

*
* (2004): Parental roles and the amount of care in a bi-parental substrate brooding cichlid: the effect of size differences within pairs. "Behaviour" 141(9): 1135–1149. doi|10.1163/1568539042664623 [http://academic.reed.edu/biology/professors/srenn/student%20projects/references/awata_Kohda_2004.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (2005): Sex-reversed dominance and aggression in the cichlid fish "Julidochromis marlieri". "Annales Zoologici Fennici" 42: 477-483. [http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anz42-free/anz42-477.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1989): "Cichlid's and All the Other Fishes of Lake Tanganyika". T.F.H. Publications, New Jersey.
* (2007): Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA. "Mol. Phylogenet. Evol." 45(2): 629–642. doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.025 (HTML abstract)
* (1997): The evolution of parental care and mating systems among Tanganyikan cichlids. "In": aut|Kawanabe, H.; Hori, M. & Nagoshi, M. (eds): "Fish communities in Lake Tanganyika": 57–86. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto. doi|10.1007/BF02348115 (HTML abstract)
* (2000): Social structure, nest guarding and interspecific relationships of the cichlid fish ("Julidochromis marlieri") in Lake Tanganyika. "African Study Monographs" 21: 83–89. [http://www.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/21-2/83-89.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1996): Is the cichlid fish "Julidochromis marlieri" polyandrous? "Ichthyological Research" 43(4): 469–471. doi|10.1007/BF02347645 (PNG first page text)

Further reading

* (2002): "The Cichlid Fishes - Nature's grand experiment in evolution". Basic Books.
* (1998): "Tanganyikan cichlids in their natural habitat". Cichlid Press.
* (1998): "Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids - a complete pet owners manual". Barron's Educational.